Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Occupational MRSA Infection: Risk Factor, Disposition, Prevention, and Therapy

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology

  • 57 Accesses

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are regularly exposed to MRSA at work and, thus, at higher risk for MRSA colonization than the general population. Colonized HCWs are usually asymptomatic but may rarely develop an infection by their own MRSA carriage strains. Work-related hand eczema is common among HCWs because of the necessity for wearing of occlusive gloves and frequent hand hygiene procedures during patient care. The associated skin barrier impairment may increase the risk for MRSA acquisition which is even more enhanced in those suffering from atopic dermatitis. Apart from healthcare, animal farming and meat production have become other occupational sectors with increasing exposure to MRSA and colonization of the involved workforce. This chapter will highlight the significance of occupational MRSA colonization and infection, its predisposition and inoculation, prevention, and current treatment modalities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 919.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aberg KM, Man MQ, Gallo RL et al (2008) Co-regulation and interdependence of the mammalian epidermal permeability and antimicrobial barriers. J Invest Dermatol 128(4):917–925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albrich WC, Harbarth S (2008) Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA? Lancet Infect Dis 8(5):289–301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ammerlaan HS, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF et al (2009) Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 48(7):922–930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ammerlaan HS, Kluytmans JA, Berkhout H et al (2011) Eradication of carriage with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: determinants of treatment failure. J Antimicrob Chemother 66(10):2418–2424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B et al (2006) Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC phases one and three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 368(9537):733–743

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthelot P, Grattard F, Fascia P et al (2003) Implication of a healthcare worker with chronic skin disease in the transmission of an epidemic strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24(4):299–300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blok HE, Troelstra A, Kamp-Hopmans TE et al (2003) Role of healthcare workers in outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a 10-year evaluation from a Dutch university hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24(9):679–685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boguniewicz M, Leung DY (2011) Atopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation. Immunol Rev 242(1):233–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boost M, Ho J, Guardabassi L et al (2013) Colonization of butchers with livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Zoonoses Public Health 60(8):572–576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bootsma MC, Wassenberg MW, Trapman P et al (2011) The nosocomial transmission rate of animal-associated ST398 meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J R Soc Interf 8(57):578–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brans R, Kolomanski K, Mentzel F et al (2016) Colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and associated factors among nurses with occupational skin diseases. Occup Environ Med 73:670–675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunikowski R, Mielke ME, Skarabis H et al (2000) Evidence for a disease-promoting effect of Staphylococcus aureus-derived exotoxins in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105(4):814–819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardona ID, Cho SH, Leung DY (2006) Role of bacterial superantigens in atopic dermatitis: implications for future therapeutic strategies. Am J Clin Dermatol 7(5):273–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caubet C, Jonca N, Brattsand M et al (2004) Degradation of corneodesmosome proteins by two serine proteases of the kallikrein family, SCTE/KLK5/hK5 and SCCE/KLK7/hK7. J Invest Dermatol 122(5):1235–1244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coenraads PJ, Diepgen TL (1998) Risk for hand eczema in employees with past or present atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 71(1):7–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cork MJ, Robinson DA, Vasilopoulos Y et al (2006) New perspectives on epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis: gene-environment interactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118(1):3–21 quiz 22–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuny C, Kock R, Witte W (2013) Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and its relevance for humans in Germany. Int J Med Microbiol 303(6–7):331–337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daeschlein G, von Podewils S, Bloom T et al (2015) Risk factors for MRSA colonization in dermatologic patients in Germany. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 13(10):1015–1022

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubin G (2005) Proteinaceous cysteine protease inhibitors. Cell Mol Life Sci 62(6):653–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth GJ, Lothian JL, Williams JD (1988) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: report of an outbreak in a London teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 11(1):1–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dulon M, Haamann F, Nienhaus A (2013) Involvement of occupational physicians in the management of MRSA-colonised healthcare workers in Germany – a survey. J Occup Med Toxicol 8(1):16

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dulon M, Peters C, Schablon A et al (2014) MRSA carriage among healthcare workers in non-outbreak settings in Europe and the United States: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 14:363

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Egelrud T (2000) Desquamation. Loden M, Maibach HI Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press. Boca Raton, 109–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias PM (2005) Stratum corneum defensive functions: an integrated view. J Invest Dermatol 125(2):183–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elston DM (2009) Topical antibiotics in dermatology: emerging patterns of resistance. Dermatol Clin 27(1):25–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmett EA (2003) Occupational contact dermatitis II: risk assessment and prognosis. Am J Contact Dermatitis 14(1):21–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2017) Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe 2016. Annual report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). https://doi.org/10.2900/296939

  • Fluit AC (2012) Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(8):735–744

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frickmann H, Schwarz NG, Hahn A, et al (2018) Comparing a single-day swabbing regimen with an established 3-day protocol for MRSA decolonization control. Clin Microbiol Infect 24(5):522–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M et al (2005) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med 352(14):1436–1444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goerge T, Lorenz MB, van Alen S et al (2017) MRSA colonization and infection among persons with occupational livestock exposure in Europe: prevalence, preventive options and evidence. Vet Microbiol 200:6–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T et al (2006) Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 155(4):680–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez T, Biagini Myers JM, Herr AB et al (2017) Staphylococcal biofilms in atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 17(12):81

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graveland H, Wagenaar JA, Bergs K et al (2011) Persistence of livestock associated MRSA CC398 in humans is dependent on intensity of animal contact. PLoS One 6(2):e16830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haamann F, Dulon M, Nienhaus A (2011) MRSA as an occupational disease: a case series. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 84(3):259–266

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hachem JP, Roelandt T, Schurer N et al (2010) Acute acidification of stratum corneum membrane domains using polyhydroxyl acids improves lipid processing and inhibits degradation of corneodesmosomes. J Invest Dermatol 130(2):500–510

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslund P, Bangsgaard N, Jarlov JO et al (2009) Staphylococcus aureus and hand eczema severity. Br J Dermatol 161(4):772–777

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins G, Stewart S, Blatchford O et al (2011) Should healthcare workers be screened routinely for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? A review of the evidence. J Hosp Infect 77(4):285–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howell MD, Novak N, Bieber T et al (2005) Interleukin-10 downregulates anti-microbial peptide expression in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 125(4):738–745

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibler KS, Jemec GB, Flyvholm MA et al (2012) Hand eczema: prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in a population of 2274 healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis 67(4):200–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jappe U, Petzoldt D, Wendt C (2004) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in inflammatory versus non-inflammatory skin diseases: who should be screened? Acta Derm Venereol 84(3):181–186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato T, Takai T, Mitsuishi K et al (2005) Cystatin A inhibits IL-8 production by keratinocytes stimulated with Der p 1 and Der f 1: biochemical skin barrier against mite cysteine proteases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116(1):169–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna T, Friendship R, Dewey C et al (2008) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in pigs and pig farmers. Vet Microbiol 128(3–4):298–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch-Institute CfHHaIPatR (2009) Recommendations for the prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (MRSA) in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip 4(1):Doc01

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratzer C, Tobudic S, Macfelda K et al (2007) In vivo activity of a novel polymeric guanidine in experimental skin infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51(9):3437–3439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lassok B, Tenhagen BA (2013) From pig to pork: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain. J Food Prot 76(6):1095–1108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lederer JW Jr, Best D, Hendrix V (2009) A comprehensive hand hygiene approach to reducing MRSA health care-associated infections. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 35(4):180–185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lode H (2009) Therapie von Infektionen durch Methicillin-resistente Staphylokokken (MRSA). Z Chemother 3:21–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowy FD (1998) Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 339(8):520–532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malik E, Dennison SR, Harris F et al (2016) pH dependent antimicrobial peptides and proteins, their mechanisms of action and potential as therapeutic agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 9(4):E67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marschall J, Muhlemann K (2006) Duration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage, according to risk factors for acquisition. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27(11):1206–1212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mauro T, Holleran WM, Grayson S et al (1998) Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: implications for extracellular lipid processing. Arch Dermatol Res 290(4):215–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden JP, Noble WC, Camp RD (1993) Superantigenic exotoxin-secreting potential of staphylococci isolated from atopic eczematous skin. Br J Dermatol 128(6):631–632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meding B, Swanbeck G (1990) Predictive factors for hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 23(3):154–161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mele T, Madrenas J (2010) TLR2 signalling: at the crossroads of commensalism, invasive infections and toxic shock syndrome by Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42(7):1066–1071

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mernelius S, Carlsson E, Henricson J et al (2016) Staphylococcus aureus colonization related to severity of hand eczema. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 35(8):1355–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miedzobrodzki J, Kaszycki P, Bialecka A et al (2002) Proteolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the colonized skin of patients with acute-phase atopic dermatitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21(4):269–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar BC, Loughrey A, Elborn JS et al (2007) Proposed definitions of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). J Hosp Infect 67(2):109–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LG, Diep BA (2008) Clinical practice: colonization, fomites, and virulence: rethinking the pathogenesis of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 46(5):752–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monecke S, Coombs G, Shore AC et al (2011) A field guide to pandemic, epidemic and sporadic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 6(4):e17936

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morizane S, Yamasaki K, Kajita A et al (2012) TH2 cytokines increase kallikrein 7 expression and function in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130(1):259–261 e251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mulders MN, Haenen AP, Geenen PL et al (2010) Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in broiler flocks and risk factors for slaughterhouse personnel in The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect 138(5):743–755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatsuji T, Gallo RL (2012) Antimicrobial peptides: old molecules with new ideas. J Invest Dermatol 132(3 Pt 2):887–895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura I, Goleva E, Howell MD et al (2003) Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J Immunol 171(6):3262–3269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osadebe LU, Hanson B, Smith TC et al (2013) Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Connecticut swine and swine farmers. Zoonoses Public Health 60(3):234–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otto M (2004) Virulence factors of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. Front Biosci 9:841–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park HY, Kim CR, Huh IS et al (2013) Staphylococcus aureus colonization in acute and chronic skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis. Ann Dermatol 25(4):410–416

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD et al (2005) Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. Br J Dermatol 153(6):1142–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters C, Dulon M, Kleinmuller O et al (2017) MRSA prevalence and risk factors among health personnel and residents in nursing homes in Hamburg, Germany – a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 12(1):e0169425

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reich-Schupke S, Geis G, Reising M et al (2010) MRSA in dermatology – prospective epidemiological study in employees and patients of a dermatological department of a university hospital. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 8(8):607–613

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rioux C, Armand-Lefevre L, Guerinot W et al (2007) Acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the acute care setting: incidence and risk factors. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28(6):733–736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert-Koch-Institut (2014) Empfehlungen zur Prävention und Kontrolle von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus-Stämmen (MRSA) in medizinischen und pflegerischen Einrichtungen. Bundesgesundheitsbl 57:696–732

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandilands A, Sutherland C, Irvine AD et al (2009) Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease. J Cell Sci 122(Pt 9):1285–1294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sassmannshausen R, Deurenberg RH, Kock R et al (2016) MRSA prevalence and associated risk factors among health-care workers in non-outbreak situations in the Dutch-German EUREGIO. Front Microbiol 7:1273

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schmithausen RM, Schulze-Geisthoevel SV, Stemmer F et al (2015) Analysis of transmission of MRSA and ESBL-E among pigs and farm personnel. PLoS One 10(9):e0138173

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder JM, Harder J (2006) Antimicrobial skin peptides and proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 63(4):469–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sievert DM, Rudrik JT, Patel JB et al (2008) Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002–2006. Clin Infect Dis 46(5):668–674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skiest DJ, Brown K, Cooper TW et al (2007) Prospective comparison of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant community-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitalized patients. J Inf Secur 54(5):427–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Skudlik C, Dulon M, Wendeler D et al (2009) Hand eczema in geriatric nurses in Germany – prevalence and risk factors. Contact Dermatitis 60(3):136–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solberg CO (2000) Spread of Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals: causes and prevention. Scand J Infect Dis 32(6):587–595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Belkum A, Verkaik NJ, de Vogel CP et al (2009) Reclassification of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage types. J Infect Dis 199(12):1820–1826

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Cleef BA, Broens EM, Voss A et al (2010) High prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs in The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect 138(5):756–763

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Cleef BA, van Benthem BH, Verkade EJ et al (2014) Dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus carriage in pig farmers: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 20(10):O764–O771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Duijkeren E, Hengeveld P, Zomer TP et al (2016) Transmission of MRSA between humans and animals on duck and turkey farms. J Antimicrob Chemother 71(1):58–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verkade E, Kluytmans J (2014) Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus CC398: animal reservoirs and human infections. Infect Genet Evol 21:523–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weese JS, Archambault M, Willey BM et al (2005) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000–2002. Emerg Infect Dis 11(3):430–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC et al (2005) The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 5(12):751–762

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winnefeld M, Richard MA, Drancourt M et al (2000) Skin tolerance and effectiveness of two hand decontamination procedures in everyday hospital use. Br J Dermatol 143(3):546–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witte W, Braulke C, Cuny C et al (2005a) Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes in central Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24(1):1–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witte W, Wiese-Posselt M, Jappe U (2005b) Community-based MRSA. A new challenge for dermatology. Hautarzt 56(8):731–738

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witte W, Strommenger B, Stanek C et al (2007) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in humans and animals, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 13(2):255–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wulf MW, Tiemersma E, Kluytmans J et al (2008) MRSA carriage in healthcare personnel in contact with farm animals. J Hosp Infect 70(2):186–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki O, Yamaguchi T, Sugai M et al (2005) Clinical manifestations of staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome depend on serotypes of exfoliative toxins. J Clin Microbiol 43(4):1890–1893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

    Richard Brans, O. Kaup & N. Y. Schürer

  2. Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

    Richard Brans

Authors
  1. Richard Brans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. Kaup
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. Y. Schürer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. Y. Schürer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

    Swen Malte John

  2. National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jeanne Duus Johansen

  3. Department of Dermatology and Allergology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Thomas Rustemeyer

  4. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany

    Peter Elsner

  5. Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Brans, R., Kaup, O., Schürer, N.Y. (2020). Occupational MRSA Infection: Risk Factor, Disposition, Prevention, and Therapy. In: John, S., Johansen, J., Rustemeyer, T., Elsner, P., Maibach, H. (eds) Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_98

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_98

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68615-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68617-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation