Abstract
There are multiple ways for cells to die, including necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis or programmed cell death or suicidal cell death is a physiological form of cell death, which is critical in cellular homeostasis. Apoptosis occurs in almost all cell types in the body and begins as early as eight-cell embryo stage and continues throughout the lifespan of the organism, albeit at different rate. There are multiple roads to apoptotic cell death, including extrinsic or death receptor-mediated and intrinsic, which may be mediated via mitochondrial pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathways. Most of apoptotic cell deaths are mediated by serine proteases, the caspases, which cleave a number of target substrates, including enzymes, transcription factors, and structural proteins. However, apoptosis may also be mediated by caspase-independent pathways. In this review, we will discuss molecular signaling and regulation of death receptor pathways, particularly CD95- and TNFR-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial and ER stress pathways of apoptosis in naïve and various memory subsets of T cells, and changes during human aging.
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Since submission, we have published molecular mechanisms associated with increased sensitivity of aged naïve and central memory CD8+ T cells to TNF-α-induced apoptosis (Gupta et al. 2018).
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Gupta, S., Gupta, A. (2018). Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis in Naive and Memory Human T-Cell Subsets. In: Fulop, T., Franceschi, C., Hirokawa, K., Pawelec, G. (eds) Handbook of Immunosenescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64597-1_36-1
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