Synonyms
Severe hypoxia; Severe oxygen deficiency
Definition
Hypoxia refers to a decrease in oxygen supply rather than a complete loss of oxygenation (Jones 2015). Anoxia refers to an extreme hypoxia or deficiency in the oxygenation of the arterial blood of sufficient severity to result in permanent neurologic damage (Webster 2006). This vulnerability to severely reduced oxygenation is based on the fact that the brain has little to no reserve of oxygen or glucose, consequently an anoxic episode of 4–6 min can result in neuronal cell death or necrosis because of impairment in cellular metabolism (Zillmer and Spiers 2001).
Etiology
Anoxia can result from a number of conditions including cardiac arrest, carbon monoxide poisoning, stroke, brain injury, and complications due to anesthesia. It is thought that cells exposed to anoxia release glutamate. The CA1 cells of the hippocampus contain high concentrations of glutamate and are particularly vulnerable to subnormal oxygenation levels....
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References and Readings
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NINDS. (2015). NINDS cerebral hypoxia information page. National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke website. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/anoxia/anoxia.htm. Updated 14 Feb 2014; Accessed 29 May 2014.
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Zillmer, E. A., & Spiers, M. V. (2001). Principles of neuropsychology. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
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Diamond, B.J. (2018). Anoxia. In: Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2153
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2153
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