Skip to main content

Beck Anxiety Inventory

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

Description

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck et al. 1988; Beck and Steer 1993) is a 21-item inventory which identifies anxiety symptoms and quantifies their intensity. Respondents are asked to rate how much they have been bothered by each item over the past week, including today, on a four-point scale ranging from 0 (“not at all”) to 3 (“severely – I could barely stand it”). Items are summed, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 63, with higher scores representing greater levels of anxiousness (Table 1).

Beck Anxiety Inventory, Table 1 Anxiety categorization by score (Beck and Steer 1993)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   899.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   1,099.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ashman, T. A., Cantor, J. B., Gordon, W. A., Spielman, L., Flanagan, S., Ginsberg, A., Engmann, C., Egan, M., Ambrose, F., & Greenwald, B. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of sertraline for the treatment of depression in persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(5), 733–740.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker-Collo, S. L. (2007). Depression and anxiety 3 months post stroke: Prevalence and correlates. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(4), 519–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1978). PDR checklist. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Center for Cognitive Therapy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1982). Situational anxiety checklist (SAC). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Center for Cognitive Therapy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck anxiety inventory manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (1985). Beck anxiety checklist. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borden, J. W., Peterson, D. R., & Jackson, E. A. (1991). The Beck anxiety inventory in nonclinical samples: Initial psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 13(4), 345–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., Newman, C. F., Beck, J. S., & Tran, G. Q. (1997). A comparison of focused and standard cognitive therapy for panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(3), 329–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantor, J. B., Ashman, T. A., Schwartz, M. E., Gordon, W. A., Hibbard, M. R., Brown, M., Spielman, L., Charatz, H. J., & Cheng, Z. (2005). The role of self-discrepancy theory in understanding post-traumatic brain injury affective disorders: A pilot study. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 20(6), 527–543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlbring, P., Brunt, S., Bohman, S., Austin, D., Richards, J., Öst, L. G., & Andersson, G. (2007). Internet vs. paper and pencil administration of questionnaires commonly used in panic/agoraphobia research. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1421–1434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. K., Williams, S. R., Mast, B. T., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2009). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck anxiety inventory in African American and European American young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(3), 387–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, S., Fernandez, S., Malcarne, V. L., Ingram, R. E., & Vaccarino, V. R. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Beck depression and anxiety inventories in Caucasian Americans and Latinos. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Ayala, R. J., Vonderharr-Carlson, D. J., & Kim, D. (2005). Assessing the reliability of the Beck anxiety inventory scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(5), 742–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, J. S., & Navarro, M. E. (2003). Propiedades psicométricas de una versión española del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) en estudiantes universitarios. Ansiedad y Estrés, 9(1), 59–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Thibodeau, N., & Gagnon, F. (1994). L’inventaire d’anxiété de Beck. Propriétés psychométriques d’une traduction française. L’Encéphale: Revue de psychiatrie clinique biologique et thérapeutique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., & Norton, G. R. (1993). The Beck anxiety inventory: A psychometric analysis. Psychological Assessment, 5(4), 408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoge, E. A., Tamrakar, S. M., Christian, K. M., Mahara, N., Nepal, M. K., Pollack, M. H., & Simon, N. M. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in somatic presentation in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(12), 962–966.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, J., Becker, E. S., Neumer, S., Soeder, U., & Margraf, J. (2002). Screening for anxiety in an epidemiological sample: Predictive accuracy of questionnaires. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(2), 113–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, P. R., Donnelly, K. T., Donnelly, J. P., Dunnam, M., Warner, G., Kittleson, C. J., Bradshaw, C. B., Alt, M., & Meier, S. T. (2012). Psychometric study of the neurobehavioral symptom inventory. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49(6), 879.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y. W., Park, E. J., Kwon, I. H., Kim, K. H., & Kim, K. J. (2010). Impact of psoriasis on quality of life: Relationship between clinical response to therapy and change in health-related quality of life. Annals of Dermatology, 22(4), 389–396.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leyfer, O. T., Ruberg, J. L., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2006). Examination of the utility of the Beck anxiety inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(4), 444–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magán, I., Sanz, J., & García-Vera, M. P. (2008). Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in general population. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(02), 626–640.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manne, S., Nereo, N., DuHamel, K., Ostroff, J., Parsons, S., Martini, R., Williams, S., Mee, L., Sexson, S., Lewis, J., Vickberg, S. J., & Redd, W. H. (2001). Anxiety and depression in mothers of children undergoing bone marrow transplant: Symptom prevalence and use of the Beck Depression and Beck anxiety inventories as screening instruments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 1037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C. M., Landreville, P., Colecchi, C., McDonald, K., Stone, J., & Ling, W. (1999). The Beck anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties with older adults. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 5(1), 19–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordhagen, T. (2001). Beck anxiety inventory: Translation and validation of a Norwegian version (Master’s thesis, The University of Bergen).

    Google Scholar 

  • Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Aukes, D., Osman, J. R., & Markway, K. (1993). The Beck anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties in a community population. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15(4), 287–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pillay, A. L., Edwards, S. D., Sargent, C., & Dhlomo, R. M. (2001). Anxiety among university students in South Africa. Psychological Reports, 88(3c), 1182–1186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sæmundsson, B. R., Þórsdóttir, F., Kristjánsdóttir, H., Ólason, D. Þ., Smári, J., & Sigurðsson, J. F. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the Beck anxiety inventory in a clinical and a student population. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 133–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, R. A. (2009). Amount of general factor saturation in the Beck anxiety inventory responses of outpatients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(2), 112–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12(2), 163–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez Morejón, A. J., Vázquez-Morejón Jiménez, R., & Zanin, G. B. (2014). Beck anxiety inventory: Psychometric characteristics in a sample from the clinical Spanish population. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, E76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2005). The Beck anxiety inventory in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(1), 17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K. A., De Beurs, E., Palmer, C., & Chambless, D. (1999). Beck anxiety inventory. The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment, 2, 971–992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y., Kierans, A., Kenul, D., Ge, Y., Rath, J., Reaume, J., Grossman, R. I., & Lui, Y. W. (2013). Mild traumatic brain injury: Longitudinal regional brain volume changes. Radiology, 267(3), 880–890.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amy J. Starosta .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG (outside the USA)

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Starosta, A.J., Brenner, L.A. (2018). Beck Anxiety Inventory. In: Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1972

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics