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Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics pp 603–621Cite as

Epigenetics in Hyperphagia

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Abstract

The central dogma states that the genetic information, which is contained in the DNA, is transcribed and translated into proteins. We now know that a recently identified novel phenomenon, known as epigenetics, alters gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Thus, this phenomenon alters the central dogma hypothesis. Some of these epigenetic changes are reversible, while some of these changes are heritable; both have the potential to influence every aspect of biology. Furthermore, epigenetic changes happen naturally during environmental changes, during aging, and during disease states. Consequently, epigenetics impacts our daily lives. One such biological process that is impacted by epigenetics is the feeding behavior. Epigenetics supports the theory that life experience can alter your feeding behavior irrespective of one’s genetic makeup. This is because some life experience leaves physical marks on DNA, or epitranscriptome changes alter biological functions of proteins that are involved in feeding behavior. To date, at least five systems have been identified to be involved in epigenetic processes: DNA methylation, histone modification, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) regulation, RNA methylation, and RNA editing. All these processes initiate and sustain epigenetic changes independently. This chapter highlights various epigenetic changes known to regulate and alter gene expressions and how some of these epigenetic changes can directly or indirectly affect an overeating behavior known as hyperphagia, which leads to obesity.

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Abbreviations

5HT2CR:

Serotonin 2C receptor

A to I:

Adenosine to inosine RNA editing

ADAR:

Adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

FTO :

Fat mass and obesity-associated gene

HCRT :

Hypocretin (orexin)

m6A:

N6-methyladenosine

MC2R:

Melanocortin receptor

miRNA:

microRNA

ncRNA:

Noncoding RNA

OXTR :

Oxytocin receptor

POMC :

Pro-opiomelanocortin

PWS:

Prader-Willi Syndrome

rRNA:

Ribosomal RNA

snoRNA:

Small nucleolar RNA

snRNA:

Small nuclear RNA

SNRPN:

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein

tRNA:

Transfer RNA

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Minati Singh

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  1. Minati Singh
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Correspondence to Minati Singh .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

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Singh, M. (2019). Epigenetics in Hyperphagia. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55530-0_78

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