Abstract
The anaerobic oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons can be coupled to the reduction of metals. At contaminated subsurface sites, this phenomenon will accelerate the removal of pollutants and will have an important influence on biogeochemical cycles. Due to its abundance, iron is the most prominent metallic terminal electron acceptor involved in hydrocarbon degradation followed by manganese. Dissimilatory metal-reducing microbes (DMRM) capable of oxidizing either monocyclic aromatic or polycyclic hydrocarbons are phylogenetically diverse with representatives from bacteria as well as from archaea. It has been shown that the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene and the polyaromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 2-methylnaphtalene can be degraded by metal-reducing enrichment cultures or pure cultures. In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been made in the field of functional genomics for the characterization of the metabolic pathways, enzymes, and genes participating to hydrocarbons degradation by metal-reducing microbes. Here, we present an updated portrait of the monocyclic aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons metabolism of DMRM.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu Laban N, Selesi D, Jobelius C, Meckenstock RU (2009) Anaerobic benzene degradation by Gram-positive sulfate-reducing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 68:300–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00672.x
Abu Laban N, Selesi D, Rattei T, Tischler P, Meckenstock RU (2010) Identification of enzymes involved in anaerobic benzene degradation by a strictly anaerobic iron-reducing enrichment culture. Environ Microbiol 12:2783–2796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02248.x
Aburto-Medina A, Ball AS (2015) Microorganisms involved in anaerobic benzene degradation. Ann Microbiol 65:1201–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-014-0926-8
Anderson RT, Lovley DR (1999) Naphthalene and benzene degradation under Fe(III)-reducing conditions in petroleum-contaminated aquifers. Biorem J 3:121–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889869991219271
Annweiler E, Richnow HH, Antranikian G, Hebenbrock S, Garms C, Franke S, Francke W, Michaelis W (2000) Naphthalene degradation and incorporation of naphthalene-derived carbon into biomass by the thermophile Bacillus thermoleovorans. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:518–523
Annweiler E, Michaelis W, Meckenstock RU (2002) Identical ring cleavage products during anaerobic degradation of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and tetralin indicate a new metabolic pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:852–858
Ball HA, Johnson HA, Reinhard M, Spormann AM (1996) Initial reactions in anaerobic ethylbenzene oxidation by a denitrifying bacterium, strain EB1. J Bacteriol 178:5755–5761
Bergmann FD, Selesi D, Meckenstock RU (2011) Identification of new enzymes potentially involved in anaerobic naphthalene degradation by the sulfate-reducing enrichment culture N47. Arch Microbiol 193:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-010-0667-4
Boll M (2005) Dearomatizing benzene ring reductases. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 10:132–142. https://doi.org/10.1159/000091560
Boll M, Löffler C, Morris BEL, Kung JW (2014) Anaerobic degradation of homocyclic aromatic compounds via arylcarboxyl-coenzyme A esters: organisms, strategies and key enzymes. Environ Microbiol 16:612–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12328
Bond DR, Holmes DE, Tender LM, Lovley DR (2002) Electrode-reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments. Science 295:483–485. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066771
Botton S, Parsons JR (2006) Degradation of btex compounds under iron-reducing conditions in contaminated aquifer microcosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:2630–2638
Breese K, Fuchs G (1998) 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase (dehydroxylating) from the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica. Eur J Biochem 251:916–923. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510916.x
Breinig S, Schiltz E, Fuchs G (2000) Genes involved in anaerobic metabolism of phenol in the bacterium Thauera aromatica. J Bacteriol 182:5849–5863
Buckel W, Thauer RK (2013) Energy conservation via electron bifurcating ferredoxin reduction and proton/Na(+) translocating ferredoxin oxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1827:94–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.002
Butler JE, He Q, Nevin KP, He Z, Zhou J, Lovley DR (2007) Genomic and microarray analysis of aromatics degradation in Geobacter metallireducens and comparison to a Geobacter isolate from a contaminated field site. BMC Genomics 8:180. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-180
Caldwell ME, Suflita JM (2000) Detection of phenol and benzoate as intermediates of anaerobic benzene biodegradation under different terminal electron-accepting conditions. Environ Sci Technol 34:1216–1220. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990849j
Carmona M, Zamarro MT, Blázquez B, Durante-Rodríguez G, Juárez JF, Valderrama JA, Barragán MJL, García JL, Díaz E (2009) Anaerobic catabolism of aromatic compounds: a genetic and genomic view. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73:71–133. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00021-08
Chakraborty R, Coates JD (2004) Anaerobic degradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:437–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1526-x
Chakraborty R, Coates JD (2005) Hydroxylation and carboxylation--two crucial steps of anaerobic benzene degradation by Dechloromonas strain RCB. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:5427–5432. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5427-5432.2005
Chaurasia AK, Tremblay P-L, Holmes DE, Zhang T (2015) Genetic evidence that the degradation of para-cresol by Geobacter metallireducens is catalyzed by the periplasmic para-cresol methylhydroxylase. FEMS Microbiol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnv145
Coates JD, Bhupathiraju VK, Achenbach LA, Mclnerney MJ, Lovley DR (2001) Geobacter hydrogenophilus, Geobacter chapellei and Geobacter grbiciae, three new, strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducers. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:581–588. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-2-581
DiDonato RJ, Young ND, Butler JE, Chin K-J, Hixson KK, Mouser P, Lipton MS, DeBoy R, Methé BA (2010) Genome sequence of the deltaproteobacterial strain NaphS2 and analysis of differential gene expression during anaerobic growth on naphthalene. PLoS One 5:e14072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014072
Dorer C, Vogt C, Neu TR, Stryhanyuk H, Richnow H-H (2016) Characterization of toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation under nitrate-, iron(III)- and manganese(IV)-reducing conditions by compound-specific isotope analysis. Environ Pollut 211:271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.029
Eberlein C, Estelmann S, Seifert J, von Bergen M, Müller M, Meckenstock RU, Boll M (2013a) Identification and characterization of 2-naphthoyl-coenzyme A reductase, the prototype of a novel class of dearomatizing reductases. Mol Microbiol 88:1032–1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.12238
Eberlein C, Johannes J, Mouttaki H, Sadeghi M, Golding BT, Boll M, Meckenstock RU (2013b) ATP-dependent/−independent enzymatic ring reductions involved in the anaerobic catabolism of naphthalene. Environ Microbiol 15:1832–1841. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12076
Estelmann S, Blank I, Feldmann A, Boll M (2015) Two distinct old yellow enzymes are involved in naphthyl ring reduction during anaerobic naphthalene degradation. Mol Microbiol 95:162–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.12875
Foght J (2008) Anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons: pathways and prospects. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 15:93–120. https://doi.org/10.1159/000121324
Franks AE, Nevin KP (2010) Microbial Fuel Cells, A Current Review. Energies 3:899–919. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3050899
Fuchs G, Boll M, Heider J (2011) Microbial degradation of aromatic compounds – from one strategy to four. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:803–816. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2652
Funk MA, Judd ET, Marsh ENG, Elliott SJ, Drennan CL (2014) Structures of benzylsuccinate synthase elucidate roles of accessory subunits in glycyl radical enzyme activation and activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:10161–10166. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405983111
Grbić-Galić D, Vogel TM (1987) Transformation of toluene and benzene by mixed methanogenic cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:254–260
Harwood CS, Gibson J (1997) Shedding light on anaerobic benzene ring degradation: a process unique to prokaryotes? J Bacteriol 179:301–309
Heider J (2007) Adding handles to unhandy substrates: anaerobic hydrocarbon activation mechanisms. Curr Opin Chem Biol 11:188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.027
Heider J, Spormann AM, Beller HR, Widdel F (1998) Anaerobic bacterial metabolism of hydrocarbons. FEMS Microbiol Rev 22:459–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00381.x
Heider J, Szaleniec M, Sünwoldt K, Boll M (2016) Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase and related molybdenum enzymes involved in oxygen-independent alkyl chain hydroxylation. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 26:45–62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441357
Heinnickel ML, Kaser FM, Coates JD (2010) Hydrocarbon degradation coupled to metal reduction. In: Timmis KN (ed) Handbook of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 947–955
Hilberg M, Pierik AJ, Bill E, Friedrich T, Lippert M-L, Heider J (2012) Identification of FeS clusters in the glycyl-radical enzyme benzylsuccinate synthase via EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopy. J Biol Inorg Chem 17:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-011-0828-1
Holmes DE, Risso C, Smith JA, Lovley DR (2011) Anaerobic oxidation of benzene by the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ferroglobus placidus. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:5926–5933. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.05452-11
Jahn MK, Haderlein SB, Meckenstock RU (2005) Anaerobic degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene in sediment-free iron-reducing enrichment cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3355–3358. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.6.3355-3358.2005
Jobst B, Schühle K, Linne U, Heider J (2010) ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetophenone by a novel type of carboxylase. J Bacteriol 192:1387–1394. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01423-09
Kleemann R, Meckenstock RU (2011) Anaerobic naphthalene degradation by Gram-positive, iron-reducing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 78:488–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01193.x
Kloer DP, Hagel C, Heider J, Schulz GE (2006) Crystal structure of ethylbenzene dehydrogenase from Aromatoleum aromaticum. Structure 14:1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2006.07.001
Kniemeyer O, Heider J (2001a) Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, a novel hydrocarbon-oxidizing molybdenum/iron-sulfur/heme enzyme. J Biol Chem 276:21381–21386. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M101679200
Kniemeyer O, Heider J (2001b) (S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase of Azoarcus sp. strain EbN1, an enzyme of anaerobic ethylbenzene catabolism. Arch Microbiol 176:129–135
Kunapuli U, Griebler C, Beller HR, Meckenstock RU (2008) Identification of intermediates formed during anaerobic benzene degradation by an iron-reducing enrichment culture. Environ Microbiol 10:1703–1712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01588.x
Kunapuli U, Jahn MK, Lueders T, Geyer R, Heipieper HJ, Meckenstock RU (2010) Desulfitobacterium aromaticivorans sp. nov. and Geobacter toluenoxydans sp. nov., iron-reducing bacteria capable of anaerobic degradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:686–695. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.003525-0
Kung JW, Löffler C, Dörner K, Heintz D, Gallien S, Van Dorsselaer A, Friedrich T, Boll M (2009) Identification and characterization of the tungsten-containing class of benzoyl-coenzyme A reductases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:17687–17692. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905073106
Kuntze K, Shinoda Y, Moutakki H, McInerney MJ, Vogt C, Richnow H-H, Boll M (2008) 6-Oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carbonyl-coenzyme A hydrolases from obligately anaerobic bacteria: characterization and identification of its gene as a functional marker for aromatic compounds degrading anaerobes. Environ Microbiol 10:1547–1556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01570.x
Laempe D, Eisenreich W, Bacher A, Fuchs G (1998) Cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA hydratase [corrected], an enzyme involved in anaerobic metabolism of benzoyl-CoA in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica. Eur J Biochem 255:618–627
Langenhoff AA, Brouwers-Ceiler DL, Engelberting JH, Quist JJ, Wolkenfelt JGP, Zehnder AJ, Schraa G (1997a) Microbial reduction of manganese coupled to toluene oxidation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 22:119–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00363.x
Langenhoff AA, Nijenhuis I, Tan NC, Briglia M, Zehnder AJ, Schraa G (1997b) Characterisation of a manganese-reducing, toluene-degrading enrichment culture. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 24:113–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00428.x
Leuthner B, Heider J (2000) Anaerobic toluene catabolism of Thauera aromatica: the bbs operon codes for enzymes of beta oxidation of the intermediate benzylsuccinate. J Bacteriol 182:272–277
Leuthner B, Leutwein C, Schulz H, Hörth P, Haehnel W, Schiltz E, Schägger H, Heider J (1998) Biochemical and genetic characterization of benzylsuccinate synthase from Thauera aromatica: a new glycyl radical enzyme catalysing the first step in anaerobic toluene metabolism. Mol Microbiol 28:615–628
Leutwein C, Heider J (2001) Succinyl-CoA:(R)-benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase: an enzyme of the anaerobic toluene catabolic pathway in denitrifying bacteria. J Bacteriol 183:4288–4295. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.14.4288-4295.2001
Leutwein C, Heider J (2002) (R)-Benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase of Thauera aromatica, an enzyme of the anaerobic toluene catabolic pathway. Arch Microbiol 178:517–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-002-0484-5
Li L, Patterson DP, Fox CC, Lin B, Coschigano PW, Marsh ENG (2009) Subunit structure of benzylsuccinate synthase. Biochemistry 48:1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi801766g
Löffler C, Kuntze K, Vazquez JR, Rugor A, Kung JW, Böttcher A, Boll M (2011) Occurrence, genes and expression of the W/Se-containing class II benzoyl-coenzyme A reductases in anaerobic bacteria. Environ Microbiol 13:696–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02374.x
Lovley DR (2012) Electromicrobiology. Annu Rev Microbiol 66:391–409. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150104
Lovley DR, Lonergan DJ (1990) Anaerobic oxidation of toluene, phenol, and p-cresol by the dissimilatory iron-reducing organism, GS-15. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1858–1864
Lovley DR, Giovannoni SJ, White DC, Champine JE, Phillips EJ, Gorby YA, Goodwin S (1993) Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals. Arch Microbiol 159:336–344
Lovley DR, Holmes DE, Nevin KP (2004) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Adv Microb Physiol 49:219–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2911(04)49005-5
Lovley DR, Ueki T, Zhang T, Malvankar NS, Shrestha PM, Flanagan KA, Aklujkar M, Butler JE, Giloteaux L, Rotaru A-E, Holmes DE, Franks AE, Orellana R, Risso C, Nevin KP (2011) Geobacter: the microbe electric’s physiology, ecology, and practical applications. Adv Microb Physiol 59:1–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387661-4.00004-5
Meckenstock RU, Mouttaki H (2011) Anaerobic degradation of non-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.009
Meckenstock RU, Annweiler E, Michaelis W, Richnow HH, Schink B (2000) Anaerobic naphthalene degradation by a sulfate-reducing enrichment culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2743–2747
Meckenstock RU, Boll M, Mouttaki H, Koelschbach JS, Cunha Tarouco P, Weyrauch P, Dong X, Himmelberg AM (2016) Anaerobic degradation of benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 26:92–118. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441358
Morris JM, Jin S (2012) Enhanced biodegradation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments using microbial fuel cells. J Hazard Mater 213–214:474–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.029
Mouttaki H, Johannes J, Meckenstock RU (2012) Identification of naphthalene carboxylase as a prototype for the anaerobic activation of non-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Microbiol 14:2770–2774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02768.x
Muhr E, Leicht O, González Sierra S, Thanbichler M, Heider J (2015) A fluorescent bioreporter for acetophenone and 1-phenylethanol derived from a specifically induced catabolic operon. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01561
Musat F, Galushko A, Jacob J, Widdel F, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Wilkes H, Schink B, Rabus R (2009) Anaerobic degradation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene by strains of marine sulfate-reducing bacteria. Environ Microbiol 11:209–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01756.x
Oberender J, Kung JW, Seifert J, von Bergen M, Boll M (2012) Identification and characterization of a succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA):benzoate CoA transferase in Geobacter metallireducens. J Bacteriol 194:2501–2508. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00306-12
Peters F, Shinoda Y, McInerney MJ, Boll M (2007) Cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratases of Geobacter metallireducens and Syntrophus aciditrophicus: evidence for a common benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway in facultative and strict anaerobes. J Bacteriol 189:1055–1060. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01467-06
Phelps CD, Zhang X, Young LY (2001) Use of stable isotopes to identify benzoate as a metabolite of benzene degradation in a sulphidogenic consortium. Environ Microbiol 3:600–603
Rabus R (2005) Functional genomics of an anaerobic aromatic-degrading denitrifying bacterium, strain EbN1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:580–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0030-x
Rabus R, Kube M, Heider J, Beck A, Heitmann K, Widdel F, Reinhardt R (2005) The genome sequence of an anaerobic aromatic-degrading denitrifying bacterium, strain EbN1. Arch Microbiol 183:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-004-0742-9
Rooney-Varga JN, Anderson RT, Fraga JL, Ringelberg D, Lovley DR (1999) Microbial communities associated with anaerobic benzene degradation in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3056–3063
Safinowski M, Meckenstock RU (2004) Enzymatic reactions in anaerobic 2-methylnaphthalene degradation by the sulphate-reducing enrichment culture N 47. FEMS Microbiol Lett 240:99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.014
Safinowski M, Meckenstock RU (2006) Methylation is the initial reaction in anaerobic naphthalene degradation by a sulfate-reducing enrichment culture. Environ Microbiol 8:347–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00900.x
Schleinitz KM, Schmeling S, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Harms H, Kleinsteuber S, Vogt C, Fuchs G (2009) Phenol degradation in the strictly anaerobic iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter metallireducens GS-15. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:3912–3919. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01525-08
Schmeling S, Narmandakh A, Schmitt O, Gad’on N, Schühle K, Fuchs G (2004) Phenylphosphate synthase: a new phosphotransferase catalyzing the first step in anaerobic phenol metabolism in Thauera aromatica. J Bacteriol 186:8044–8057. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.23.8044-8057.2004
Schmid G, René SB, Boll M (2015) Enzymes of the benzoyl-coenzyme A degradation pathway in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ferroglobus placidus. Environ Microbiol 17:3289–3300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12785
Schmid G, Auerbach H, Pierik AJ, Schünemann V, Boll M (2016) ATP-dependent electron activation module of benzoyl-coenzyme A reductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ferroglobus placidus. Biochemistry 55:5578–5586
Schühle K, Fuchs G (2004) Phenylphosphate carboxylase: a new C-C lyase involved in anaerobic phenol metabolism in Thauera aromatica. J Bacteriol 186:4556–4567. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.14.4556-4567.2004
Schühle K, Gescher J, Feil U, Paul M, Jahn M, Schägger H, Fuchs G (2003) Benzoate-coenzyme A ligase from Thauera aromatica: an enzyme acting in anaerobic and aerobic pathways. J Bacteriol 185:4920–4929
Selesi D, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Schmidt F, Rattei T, Tischler P, Lueders T, Meckenstock RU (2010) Combined genomic and proteomic approaches identify gene clusters involved in anaerobic 2-methylnaphthalene degradation in the sulfate-reducing enrichment culture N47. J Bacteriol 192:295–306. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00874-09
Smith JA, Lovley DR, Tremblay P-L (2013) Outer cell surface components essential for Fe(III) oxide reduction by Geobacter metallireducens. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:901–907. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02954-12
Tremblay P-L, Aklujkar M, Leang C, Nevin KP, Lovley D (2012) A genetic system for Geobacter metallireducens: role of the flagellin and pilin in the reduction of Fe(III) oxide. Environ Microbiol Rep 4:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00305.x
Ulrich AC, Beller HR, Edwards EA (2005) Metabolites detected during biodegradation of 13C6-benzene in nitrate-reducing and methanogenic enrichment cultures. Environ Sci Technol 39:6681–6691
Villatoro-Monzón WR, Mesta-Howard AM, Razo-Flores E (2003) Anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX using Mn(IV) and Fe(III) as alternative electron acceptors. Water Sci Technol 48:125–131
Vogel TM, Grbìc-Galìc D (1986) Incorporation of oxygen from water into toluene and benzene during anaerobic fermentative transformation. Appl Environ Microbiol 52:200–202
Vogt C, Kleinsteuber S, Richnow H-H (2011) Anaerobic benzene degradation by bacteria. Microb Biotechnol 4:710–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00260.x
Wang X, Cai Z, Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Chen C (2012) Bioelectrochemical stimulation of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in saline soil using U-tube microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 109:426–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.23351
Weelink SAB, van Doesburg W, Saia FT, Rijpstra WIC, Röling WFM, Smidt H, Stams AJM (2009) A strictly anaerobic betaproteobacterium Georgfuchsia toluolica gen. nov., sp. nov. degrades aromatic compounds with Fe(III), Mn(IV) or nitrate as an electron acceptor. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 70:575–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00778.x
Weinert T, Huwiler SG, Kung JW, Weidenweber S, Hellwig P, Stärk H-J, Biskup T, Weber S, Cotelesage JJH, George GN, Ermler U, Boll M (2015) Structural basis of enzymatic benzene ring reduction. Nat Chem Biol 11:586–591. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1849
White GF, Edwards MJ, Gomez-Perez L, Richardson DL, Butt JN, Clarke TA (2016) Mechanisms of bacterial extracellular electron exchange. Adv Microb Physiol 68:87–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.02.002
Wischgoll S, Heintz D, Peters F, Erxleben A, Sarnighausen E, Reski R, Van Dorsselaer A, Boll M (2005) Gene clusters involved in anaerobic benzoate degradation of Geobacter metallireducens. Mol Microbiol 58:1238–1252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04909.x
Wischgoll S, Taubert M, Peters F, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Boll M (2009) Decarboxylating and nondecarboxylating glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenases in the aromatic metabolism of obligately anaerobic bacteria. J Bacteriol 191:4401–4409. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00205-09
Zhang X, Young LY (1997) Carboxylation as an initial reaction in the anaerobic metabolism of naphthalene and phenanthrene by sulfidogenic consortia. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4759–4764
Zhang X, Sullivan ER, Young LY (2000) Evidence for aromatic ring reduction in the biodegradation pathway of carboxylated naphthalene by a sulfate reducing consortium. Biodegradation 11:117–124
Zhang T, Gannon SM, Nevin KP, Franks AE, Lovley DR (2010) Stimulating the anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated sediments by providing an electrode as the electron acceptor. Environ Microbiol 12:1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02145.x
Zhang T, Bain TS, Nevin KP, Barlett MA, Lovley DR (2012) Anaerobic benzene oxidation by Geobacter species. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:8304–8310. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02469-12
Zhang T, Tremblay P-L, Chaurasia AK, Smith JA, Bain TS, Lovley DR (2013) Anaerobic benzene oxidation via phenol in Geobacter metallireducens. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:7800–7806. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03134-13
Zhang T, Tremblay P-L, Chaurasia AK, Smith JA, Bain TS, Lovley DR (2014) Identification of genes specifically required for the anaerobic metabolism of benzene in Geobacter metallireducens. Front Microbiol 5:245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00245
Acknowledgments
This work is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Tremblay, PL., Zhang, T. (2020). Functional Genomics of Metal-Reducing Microbes Degrading Hydrocarbons. In: Boll, M. (eds) Anaerobic Utilization of Hydrocarbons, Oils, and Lipids. Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50391-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50391-2_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50390-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50391-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences