Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Obesity and NAFLD

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Obesity

Part of the book series: Endocrinology ((ENDOCR))

Abstract

Obesity is currently considered the main health challenge of the twenty-first century. It is a chronic pro-inflammatory disease which systemically affects normal physiology and metabolism, causing multiple associated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and several types of cancer, among others. The main contributors for NAFLD development and progression include high concentrations of diet and adipose tissue-derived free fatty acids and pro-inflammatory adipocytokines. These fatty acids are released from adipocytes and/or from dietary intake and are delivered to the liver. The fatty acids in the hepatocytes can then be oxidized by the mitochondria or converted into triglycerides for intracellular accumulation. With elevated mitochondrial oxidation levels, there is an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and other species that mediate hepatic injury, inflammation, and apoptosis. In order to manage obesity and NAFLD, nutritionally based body weight management is the principal modifiable risk factor. Thus, dietary interventions for body weight loss should be the main therapeutic approach, although pharmacotherapy and, in some specific situation, surgical or bariatric endoscopic interventions may be necessary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 349.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdelaal M, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5:161.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adams LA, Anstee QM, Tilg H, Targher G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and other extrahepatic diseases. Gut. 2017;66:1138–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Olivos NE, Almeda-Valdes P, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Uribe M, Mendez-Sanchez N. The role of bariatric surgery in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2016;65:1196–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell GC, Enders F, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45:846–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, Adams LA, Bjornsson ES, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Mills PR, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:389–97. e310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apovian CM, Aronne LJ. The 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/The Obesity Society Guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: what is new about diet, drugs, and surgery for obesity? Circulation. 2015;132:1586–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP, Barton D, Hull D, Parker R, Hazlehurst JM, et al. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet. 2016;387:679–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asada K, Aihara Y, Takaya H, Noguchi R, Namisaki T, Moriya K, Uejima M, et al. DNA methylation of angiotensin II receptor gene in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver fibrosis. World J Hepatol. 2016;8:1194–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Yuzbashian E, Azizi F. A systematic review of diet quality indices in relation to obesity. Br J Nutr. 2017;117:1055–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertolotti M, Lonardo A, Mussi C, Baldelli E, Pellegrini E, Ballestri S, Romagnoli D, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and aging: epidemiology to management. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:14185–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature. 2007;447:396–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandl K, Schnabl B. Intestinal microbiota and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2017;33:128–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bruckbauer A, Banerjee J, Fu L, Li F, Cao Q, Cui X, Wu R, et al. A combination of leucine, metformin, and sildenafil treats nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis in mice. Int J Hepatol. 2016;2016:9185987.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter R, Mouralidarane A, Ray S, Soeda J, Oben J. Recent advancements in drug treatment of obesity. Clin Med (Lond). 2012;12:456–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano PM, Shankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ. 2017;356:j1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW. Eating, exercise, and “thrifty” genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;96:3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, Charlton M, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:1592–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero P, Campion J, Milagro FI, Goyenechea E, Steemburgo T, Javierre BM, Martinez JA. Leptin and TNF-alpha promoter methylation levels measured by MSP could predict the response to a low-calorie diet. J Physiol Biochem. 2011a;67:463–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero P, Campion J, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Dietary supplementation with methyl donor groups could prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatology. 2011b;53:2151–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero P, Campion J, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in early liver steatosis associated to obesity: effect of dietary methyl donor supplementation. Mol Genet Metab. 2013a;110:388–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero P, Gomez-Uriz AM, Campion J, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Dietary supplementation with methyl donors reduces fatty liver and modifies the fatty acid synthase DNA methylation profile in rats fed an obesogenic diet. Genes Nutr. 2013b;8:105–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero P, Milagro FI, Campion J, Martinez JA. Supplementation with methyl donors during lactation to high-fat-sucrose-fed dams protects offspring against liver fat accumulation when consuming an obesogenic diet. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2014;5:385–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero P, Li J, Oben JA. Epigenetics of obesity: beyond the genome sequence. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015a;18:361–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero P, Gonzalez-Muniesa P, Milagro FI, Campion J, Martinez JA. Perinatal maternal feeding with an energy dense diet and/or micronutrient mixture drives offspring fat distribution depending on the sex and growth stage. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2015b;99:834–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology. 1998;114:842–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Mesquita FC, Guixe-Muntet S, Fernandez-Iglesias A, Maeso-Diaz R, Vila S, Hide D, Ortega-Ribera M, et al. Liraglutide improves liver microvascular dysfunction in cirrhosis: evidence from translational studies. Sci Rep. 2017;7:3255.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich P, Hellerbrand C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;28:637–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiMaria-Ghalili RA, Gilbert K, Lord L, Neal T, Richardson D, Tyler R, Guenter P, et al. Standards of nutrition care practice and professional performance for nutrition support and generalist nurses. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:527–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doulberis M, Kotronis G, Gialamprinou D, Kountouras J, Katsinelos P. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an update with special focus on the role of gut microbiota. Metabolism. 2017;71:182–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, Soni M, Prokop LJ, Younossi Z, Sebastiani G, et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;65:1557–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL, Thorelius L, Holmqvist M, Bodemar G, Kechagias S. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44:865–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • European Association for the Study of the L, European Association for the Study of D, European Association for the Study of O. EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64:1388–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallicchio L, Chang HH, Christo DK, Thuita L, Huang HY, Strickland P, Ruczinski I, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in obesity-related genes and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med Genet. 2009;10:103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelli C, Tarocchi M, Abenavoli L, Di Renzo L, Galli A, De Lorenzo A. Effect of a counseling-supported treatment with the Mediterranean diet and physical activity on the severity of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:3150–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goni L, Milagro FI, Cuervo M, Martinez JA. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and DNA methylation markers associated with central obesity and regulation of body weight. Nutr Rev. 2014;72:673–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Muniesa P, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Hu FB, Despres JP, Matsuzawa Y, Loos RJF, Moreno LA, et al. Obesity. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadizadeh F, Faghihimani E, Adibi P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnostic biomarkers. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2017;8:11–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL, Gogia S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut. 2008;57:1441–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet. 2005;366:1197–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease#path=view%3A/pathways/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-overview.xml&content=view-index. Accessed 3 Oct 2017.

  • Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2985–3023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jojima T, Tomotsune T, Iijima T, Akimoto K, Suzuki K, Aso Y. Empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor), alone or in combination with linagliptin (a DPP-4 inhibitor), prevents steatohepatitis in a novel mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2016;8:45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jortberg B, Myers E, Gigliotti L, Ivens BJ, Lebre M, Burke March S, Nogueira I, et al. Academy of nutrition and dietetics: standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered dietitian nutritionists (competent, proficient, and expert) in adult weight management. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:609–18. e640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalia HS, Gaglio PJ. The prevalence and pathobiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients of different races or ethnicities. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20:215–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kini S, Herron DM, Yanagisawa RT. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity – a cure for metabolic syndrome? Med Clin North Am. 2007;91:1255–71. xi

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, Ferrell LD, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohan L, Safarpur M, Abdollahi H. Omentin-1 rs2274907 and resistin rs1862513 polymorphisms influence genetic susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Biol Res Commun. 2016;5:11–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koukias N, Buzzetti E, Tsochatzis EA. Intestinal hormones, gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Minerva Endocrinol. 2017;42:184–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krawczyk M, Rau M, Schattenberg JM, Bantel H, Pathil A, Demir M, Kluwe J, et al. Combined effects of the PNPLA3 rs738409, TM6SF2 rs58542926, and MBOAT7 rs641738 variants on NAFLD severity: a multicenter biopsy-based study. J Lipid Res. 2017;58:247–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laing P, Pham T, Taylor LJ, Fang J. Filling the void: a review of intragastric balloons for obesity. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62:1399–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lapadat AM, Jianu IR, Ungureanu BS, Florescu LM, Gheonea DI, Sovaila S, Gheonea IA. Non-invasive imaging techniques in assessing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a current status of available methods. J Med Life. 2017;10:19–26.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Cordero P, Nguyen V, Oben JA. The role of vitamins in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Integr Med Insights. 2016;11:19–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtinghagen R, Pietsch D, Bantel H, Manns MP, Brand K, Bahr MJ. The enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score: normal values, influence factors and proposed cut-off values. J Hepatol. 2013;59:236–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin X, Zhang Z, Chen JM, Xu YY, Ye HR, Cui J, Fang Y, et al. Role of APN and TNF-alpha in type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14:2940–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madden AM, Smith S. Body composition and morphological assessment of nutritional status in adults: a review of anthropometric variables. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016;29:7–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milagro FI, Campion J, Cordero P, Goyenechea E, Gomez-Uriz AM, Abete I, Zulet MA, et al. A dual epigenomic approach for the search of obesity biomarkers: DNA methylation in relation to diet-induced weight loss. FASEB J. 2011;25:1378–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milic S, Lulic D, Stimac D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: biochemical, metabolic and clinical presentations. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:9330–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moore JB. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the hepatic consequence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69:211–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motamed N, Rabiee B, Hemasi GR, Ajdarkosh H, Khonsari MR, Maadi M, Keyvani H, et al. Body roundness index and waist-to-height ratio are strongly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. Hepat Mon. 2016a;16:e39575.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Motamed N, Sohrabi M, Ajdarkosh H, Hemmasi G, Maadi M, Sayeedian FS, Pirzad R, et al. Fatty liver index vs waist circumference for predicting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2016b;22:3023–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mouralidarane A, Soeda J, Sugden D, Bocianowska A, Carter R, Ray S, Saraswati R, et al. Maternal obesity programs offspring non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through disruption of 24-h rhythms in mice. Int J Obes. 2015;39:1339–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neel JV, Weder AB, Julius S. Type II diabetes, essential hypertension, and obesity as “syndromes of impaired genetic homeostasis”: the “thrifty genotype” hypothesis enters the 21st century. Perspect Biol Med. 1998;42:44–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Med. 2017;15:45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petaja EM, Yki-Jarvinen H. Definitions of normal liver fat and the association of insulin sensitivity with acquired and genetic NAFLD-A systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poitou C, Perret C, Mathieu F, Truong V, Blum Y, Durand H, Alili R, et al. Bariatric surgery induces disruption in inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by immune cells in adipose tissue: a RNA-Seq study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0125718.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corvalan C, Uauy R, Herring S, Gillman MW. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:1025–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Perusse L, et al. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14:529–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satapathy SK, Sanyal AJ. Epidemiology and natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 2015;35:221–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmatz R, Bitencourt MR, Patias LD, Beck M, CAG d, Zanini D, Gutierres JM, et al. Evaluation of the biochemical, inflammatory and oxidative profile of obese patients given clinical treatment and bariatric surgery. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;465:72–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selvakumar PKC, Kabbany MN, Nobili V, Alkhouri N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children: hepatic and extrahepatic complications. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017;64:659–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spahis S, Delvin E, Borys JM, Levy E. Oxidative stress as a critical factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2017;26:519–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takaki A, Kawai D, Yamamoto K. Multiple hits, including oxidative stress, as pathogenesis and treatment target in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:20704–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Testelmans D, Tamisier R, Barone-Rochette G, Baguet JP, Roux-Lombard P, Pepin JL, Levy P. Profile of circulating cytokines: impact of OSA, obesity and acute cardiovascular events. Cytokine. 2013;62:210–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uriarte G, Paternain L, Milagro FI, Martinez JA, Campion J. Shifting to a control diet after a high-fat, high-sucrose diet intake induces epigenetic changes in retroperitoneal adipocytes of Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem. 2013;69:601–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verbeek J, Spincemaille P, Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G, Vander Elst I, Windmolders P, van Pelt J, et al. Dietary intervention, but not losartan, completely reverses non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese and insulin resistant mice. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16:46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker RW, Allayee H, Inserra A, Fruhwirth R, Alisi A, Devito R, Carey ME, et al. Macrophages and fibrosis in adipose tissue are linked to liver damage and metabolic risk in obese children. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22:1512–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waterland RA, Travisano M, Tahiliani KG, Rached MT, Mirza S. Methyl donor supplementation prevents transgenerational amplification of obesity. Int J Obes. 2008;32:1373–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilding JP, Overgaard RV, Jacobsen LV, Jensen CB, le Roux CW. Exposure-response analyses of liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight management. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:491–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang JD, Abdelmalek MF, Pang H, Guy CD, Smith AD, Diehl AM, Suzuki A. Gender and menopause impact severity of fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2014;59:1406–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang B, Petrick JL, Kelly SP, Graubard BI, Freedman ND, McGlynn KA. Adiposity across the adult life course and incidence of primary liver cancer: the NIH-AARP cohort. Int J Cancer. 2017;141:271–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, Ikenaka Y, Namisaki T, Kitade M, Kaji K, Shirai Y, et al. Losartan, an angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker, attenuates the liver fibrosis development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat. BMC Res Notes. 2009;2:70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Younossi ZM, Blissett D, Blissett R, Henry L, Stepanova M, Younossi Y, Racila A, et al. The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe. Hepatology. 2016a;64:1577–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016b;64:73–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK

    Paul Cordero, Jiawei Li & Jude A. Oben

  2. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Jude A. Oben

Authors
  1. Paul Cordero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiawei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jude A. Oben
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jude A. Oben .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Systems Medicine, Internal Medicine Unit and Obesity Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

    Paolo Sbraccia

  2. National Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, University College London, London, UK

    Nicholas Finer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Cordero, P., Li, J., Oben, J.A. (2019). Obesity and NAFLD. In: Sbraccia, P., Finer, N. (eds) Obesity. Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46933-1_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46933-1_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46932-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46933-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation