Abstract
Bioprinting has emerged over the past decade as a prominent technology in the field of tissue engineering. This enables fabrication of cell-laden hydrogels with precise control over the architecture of the scaffold and the location of cells, growth factors, and other biological cues of interest. We first discuss the challenges that exist in terms of choosing a bioprinter, ensuring mechanical support and printability of a material, and minimizing cellular stress for cell-laden prints. We then explain the different crosslinking methods commonly used in hydrogel printing and approaches to alter bioink crosslinking mechanisms. We discuss material selection for bioprinting with elaboration on common materials that have been used and a review of multi-material prints involving hydrogels. We also explore the use of a single, mixed bioink to fabricate complex but homogeneous constructs and multiple, independent bioinks to fabricate complex heterogeneous tissue constructs within the multi-material review. We conclude with a summary of the current state of the field and an outlook on future research.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ahearne M, Coyle A (2016) Application of UVA-riboflavin crosslinking to enhance the mechanical properties of extracellular matrix derived hydrogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 54:259–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.09.035
Akkineni AR, Luo Y, Schumacher M, Nies B, Lode A, Gelinsky M (2015) 3D plotting of growth factor loaded calcium phosphate cement scaffolds. Acta Biomater 27:264–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.036
Andrzejewska E (2001) Photopolymerization kinetics of multifunctional monomers. Prog Polym Sci 26:605–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00004-1
Arcaute K, Mann BK, Wicker RB (2006) Stereolithography of three-dimensional bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) constructs with encapsulated cells. Ann Biomed Eng 34:1429–1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-006-9156-y
Bakarich SE, in het Panhuis M, Beirne S, Wallace GG, Spinks GM (2013) Extrusion printing of ionic–covalent entanglement hydrogels with high toughness. J Mater Chem B 1:4939. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb21159b
Barron JA, Ringeisen BR, Kim H, Spargo BJ, Chrisey DB (2004) Application of laser printing to mammalian cells. Thin Solid Films 453–454:383–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2003.11.161
Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Peppas NA, Gurny R (2004) Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00161-9
Bertassoni LE, Cardoso JC, Manoharan V, Cristino AL, Bhise NS, Araujo WA, Zorlutuna P, Vrana NE, Ghaemmaghami AM, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A (2014a) Direct-write bioprinting of cell-laden methacrylated gelatin hydrogels. Biofabrication 6:024105. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024105
Bertassoni LE, Cecconi M, Manoharan V, Nikkhah M, Hjortnaes J, Cristino AL, Barabaschi G, Demarchi D, Dokmeci MR, Yang Y, Khademhosseini A (2014b) Hydrogel bioprinted microchannel networks for vascularization of tissue engineering constructs. Lab Chip 14:2202–2211. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00030g
Billiet T, Gevaert E, De Schryver T, Cornelissen M, Dubruel P (2014) The 3D printing of gelatin methacrylamide cell-laden tissue-engineered constructs with high cell viability. Biomaterials 35:49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.078
Blaeser A, Duarte Campos DF, Puster U, Richtering W, Stevens MM, Fischer H (2016) Controlling shear stress in 3D bioprinting is a key factor to balance printing resolution and stem cell integrity. Adv Healthc Mater 3:326–333
Bryant SJ, Nuttelman CR, Anseth KS (2000) Cytocompatibility of UV and visible light photoinitiating systems on cultured NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in vitro. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 11:439–457. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856200743805
Burdick JA, Prestwich GD (2011) Hyaluronic acid hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Mater 23:41–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003963
Carolina N (2012) Bioprinted amniotic fluid-derived stem cells accelerate healing of large skin wounds. Stem Cells Transl Med 1:792–802. https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2012-0088
Cha C, Soman P, Zhu W, Nikkhah M, Camci-Unal G, Chen S, Khademhosseini A (2014) Structural reinforcement of cell-laden hydrogels with microfabricated three dimensional scaffolds. Biomater Sci 2:703–709. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3BM60210A
Chan V, Zorlutuna P, Jeong JH, Kong H, Bashir R (2010) Three-dimensional photopatterning of hydrogels using stereolithography for long-term cell encapsulation. Lab Chip 10:2062–2070. https://doi.org/10.1039/c004285d
Chen Y-C, Lin R-Z, Qi H, Yang Y, Bae H, Melero-Martin JM, Khademhosseini A (2012) Functional human vascular network generated in photocrosslinkable gelatin methacrylate hydrogels. Adv Funct Mater 22:2027–2039. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101662
Chung JHY, Naficy S, Yue Z, Kapsa R, Quigley A, Moulton SE, Wallace GG (2013) Bio-ink properties and printability for extrusion printing living cells. Biomater Sci 1:763. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3bm00012e
Cohen DL, Lipton JI, Bonassar LJ, Lipson H (2010) Additive manufacturing for in situ repair of osteochondral defects. Biofabrication 2:035004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/3/035004
Cui X, Breitenkamp K, Finn MG, Lotz M, D’Lima DD (2012) Direct human cartilage repair using three-dimensional bioprinting technology. Tissue Eng Part A 18:1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2011.0543
Das S, Pati F, Choi YJ, Rijal G, Shim JH, Kim SW, Ray AR, Cho DW, Ghosh S (2015) Bioprintable, cell-laden silk fibroin-gelatin hydrogel supporting multilineage differentiation of stem cells for fabrication of three-dimensional tissue constructs. Acta Biomater 11:233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.023
Davey SK, Aung A, Agrawal G, Lim HL, Kar M, Varghese S (2015) Embedded 3D photopatterning of hydrogels with diverse and complex architectures for tissue engineering and disease models. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 21:1188–1196. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEC.2015.0179
Dhariwala B, Hunt E, Boland T (2004) Rapid prototyping of tissue-engineering constructs, using photopolymerizable hydrogels and stereolithography. Tissue Eng 10:1316–1322. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2004.10.1316
Duan B, Hockaday LA, Kang KH, Butcher JT (2013) 3D Bioprinting of heterogeneous aortic valve conduits with alginate/gelatin hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 101 A:1255–1264. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34420
Duan B, Kapetanovic E, Hockaday LA, Butcher JT (2014) Three-dimensional printed trileaflet valve conduits using biological hydrogels and human valve interstitial cells. Acta Biomater 10:1836–1846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.005
Elomaa L, Teixeira S, Hakala R, Korhonen H, Grijpma DW, Seppälä JV (2011) Preparation of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography. Acta Biomater 7:3850–3856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.039
Elomaa L, Pan C-C, Shanjani Y, Malkovskiy A, Seppälä JV, Yang Y (2015) Three-dimensional fabrication of cell-laden biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol-co-depsipeptide) hydrogels by visible light stereolithography. J Mater Chem B 3:8348–8358. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB01468A
Faulkner-Jones A, Fyfe C, Cornelissen D-J, Gardner J, King J, Courtney A, Shu W (2015) Bioprinting of human pluripotent stem cells and their directed differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells for the generation of mini-livers in 3D. Biofabrication 7:044102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/044102
Fedorovich NE, De Wijn JR, Verbout AJ, Alblas J, Dhert WJA (2008) Three-dimensional fiber deposition of cell-laden, viable, patterned constructs for bone tissue printing. Tissue Eng Part A 14:127–133. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.a.2007.0158
Fedorovich NE, Wijnberg HM, Dhert WJ, Alblas J (2011) Distinct tissue formation by heterogeneous printing of osteo – and endothelial progenitor cells. Tissue Eng Part A 17:2113–2121. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0019
Fedorovich NE, Schuurman W, Wijnberg HM, Prins H-J, van Weeren PR, Malda J, Alblas J, Dhert WJA (2012) Biofabrication of osteochondral tissue equivalents by printing topologically defined, cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 18:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEC.2011.0060
Ferlin KM, Prendergast ME, Miller ML, Kaplan DS, Fisher JP (2016) Influence of 3D printed porous architecture on mesenchymal stem cell enrichment and differentiation. Acta Biomater 32:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.007
Ferris CJ, Gilmore KG, Wallace GG, In Het Panhuis M (2013a) Biofabrication: an overview of the approaches used for printing of living cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:4243–4258
Ferris CJ, Gilmore KJ, Beirne S, McCallum D, Wallace GG, in het Panhuis M (2013b) Bio-ink for on-demand printing of living cells. Biomater Sci 1:224. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2bm00114d
Florián-Algarín V, Acevedo-Rullán A, Co A, Leal GL, Colby RH, Giacomin AJ (2008) Rheology and gelation temperature of aqueous gelatin and sodium alginate solutions. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP, pp 618–620
Gaetani R, Feyen DAM, Verhage V, Slaats R, Messina E, Christman KL, Giacomello A, Doevendans PAFM, Sluijter JPG (2015) Epicardial application of cardiac progenitor cells in a 3D-printed gelatin/hyaluronic acid patch preserves cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 61:339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.005
Galante R, Paradiso P, Moutinho MG, Fernandes AI, Mata JLG, Matos APA, Colaço R, Saramago B, Serro AP (2015) About the effect of eye blinking on drug release from pHEMA-based hydrogels: an in vitro study. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 26:235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2014.994948
Gao G, Schilling AF, Hubbell K, Yonezawa T, Truong D, Hong Y, Dai G, Cui X (2015a) Improved properties of bone and cartilage tissue from 3D inkjet-bioprinted human mesenchymal stem cells by simultaneous deposition and photocrosslinking in PEG-GelMA. Biotechnol Lett 37:2349–2355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-015-1921-2
Gao G, Yonezawa T, Hubbell K, Dai G, Cui X (2015b) Inkjet-bioprinted acrylated peptides and PEG hydrogel with human mesenchymal stem cells promote robust bone and cartilage formation with minimal printhead clogging. Biotechnol J 10:1568–1577. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400635
García-Millán E, Koprivnik S, Otero-Espinar FJ (2015) Drug loading optimization and extended drug delivery of corticoids from pHEMA based soft contact lenses hydrogels via chemical and microstructural modifications. Int J Pharm 487:260–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.037
Hanson Shepherd JN, Parker ST, Shepherd RF, Gillette MU, Lewis JA, Nuzzo RG (2011) 3D microperiodic hydrogel scaffolds for robust neuronal cultures. Adv Funct Mater 21:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201001746
He P, Liu Y, Qiao R (2014) Fluid dynamics of the droplet impact processes in cell printing. Microfluid Nanofluidics 18:569–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-014-1470-3
Highley CB, Rodell CB, Burdick JA (2015) Direct 3D printing of shear-thinning hydrogels into self-healing hydrogels. Adv Mater 27:5075–5079. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501234
Hinton TJ, Jallerat Q, Palchesko RN, Park JH, Grodzicki MS, Shue H-J, Ramadan MH, Hudson AR, Feinberg AW (2015) Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels. Sci Adv 1:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500758
Hoare TR, Kohane DS (2008) Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges. Polymer (Guildf) 49:1993–2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.027
Hockaday LA, Kang KH, Colangelo NW, Cheung PYC, Duan B, Malone E, Wu J, Girardi LN, Bonassar LJ, Lipson H, Chu CC, Butcher JT (2012) Rapid 3D printing of anatomically accurate and mechanically heterogeneous aortic valve hydrogel scaffolds. Biofabrication 4:035005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/4/3/035005
Hong S, Sycks D, Chan HF, Lin S, Lopez GP, Guilak F, Leong KW, Zhao X (2015) 3D printing of highly stretchable and tough hydrogels into complex, cellularized structures. Adv Mater 27:4035–4040. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501099
Hsieh F-Y, Lin H-H, Hsu S-H (2015) 3D bioprinting of neural stem cell-laden thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and potential in central nervous system repair. Biomaterials 71:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.028
Hu J, Hou Y, Park H, Choi B, Hou S, Chung A, Lee M (2012) Visible light crosslinkable chitosan hydrogels for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 8:1730–1738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.029
Hynes RO (2002) Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell 110:673–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00971-6
Ifkovits JL, Burdick JA (2007) Review: photopolymerizable and degradable biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng 13:2369–2385. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2007.0093
Jung JW, Lee J-S, Cho D-W (2016) Computer-aided multiple-head 3D printing system for printing of heterogeneous organ/tissue constructs. Sci Rep 6:21685. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21685
Kesti M, Müller M, Becher J, Schnabelrauch M, D’Este M, Eglin D, Zenobi-Wong M (2015) A versatile bioink for three-dimensional printing of cellular scaffolds based on thermally and photo-triggered tandem gelation. Acta Biomater 11:162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.033
Khalil S, Sun W (2007) Biopolymer deposition for freeform fabrication of hydrogel tissue constructs. Mater Sci Eng C 27:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.023
Koch L, Deiwick A, Schlie S, Michael S, Gruene M, Coger V, Zychlinski D, Schambach A, Reimers K, Vogt PM, Chichkov B (2012) Skin tissue generation by laser cell printing. Biotechnol Bioeng 109:1855–1863. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24455
Kolesky DB, Truby RL, Gladman AS, Busbee TA, Homan KA, Lewis JA (2014) 3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs. Adv Mater 26:3124–3130. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305506
Kundu J, Shim J-H, Jang J, Kim S-W, Cho D-W (2015) An additive manufacturing-based PCL-alginate-chondrocyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 9:1286–1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.1682
Lee W, Debasitis JC, Lee VK, Lee J-H, Fischer K, Edminster K, Park J-K, Yoo S-S (2009) Multi-layered culture of human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes through three-dimensional freeform fabrication. Biomaterials 30:1587–1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.009
Lee Y-B, Polio S, Lee W, Dai G, Menon L, Carroll RS, Yoo S-S (2010) Bio-printing of collagen and VEGF-releasing fibrin gel scaffolds for neural stem cell culture. Exp Neurol 223:645–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.02.014
Lee H, Ahn S, Bonassar LJ, Kim G (2013) Cell(MC3T3-E1)-printed poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/alginate hybrid scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Macromol Rapid Commun 34:142–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201200524
Lee VK, Lanzi AM, Ngo H, Yoo SS, Vincent PA, Dai G (2014) Generation of multi-scale vascular network system within 3D hydrogel using 3D bio-printing technology. Cell Mol Bioeng 7:460–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12195-014-0340-0
Lee JW, Choi YJ, Yong WJ, Pati F, Shim JH, Kang KS, Kang IH, Park J, Cho DW (2016) Development of a 3D cell printed construct considering angiogenesis for liver tissue engineering. Biofabrication 8:15007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/015007
Levato R, Visser J, Planell JA, Engel E, Malda J, Mateos-Timoneda MA (2014) Biofabrication of tissue constructs by 3D bioprinting of cell-laden microcarriers. Biofabrication 6:035020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035020
Li B, Wang L, Xu F, Gang X, Demirci U, Wei D, Li Y, Feng Y, Jia D, Zhou Y (2015) Hydrosoluble, UV-crosslinkable and injectable chitosan for patterned cell-laden microgel and rapid transdermal curing hydrogel in vivo. Acta Biomater 22:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.026
Lin H, Zhang D, Alexander PG, Yang G, Tan J, Cheng AW-M, Tuan RS (2013) Application of visible light-based projection stereolithography for live cell-scaffold fabrication with designed architecture. Biomaterials 34:331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.048
Ma Y, Ji Y, Huang G, Ling K, Zhang X, Xu F (2015) Bioprinting 3D cell-laden hydrogel microarray for screening human periodontal ligament stem cell response to extracellular matrix. Biofabrication 7:044105. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/044105
Mapili G, Lu Y, Chen S, Roy K (2005) Laser-layered microfabrication of spatially patterned functionalized tissue-engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 75:414–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30325
Markstedt K, Mantas A, Tournier I, Martínez Ávila H, Hägg D, Gatenholm P (2015) 3D bioprinting human chondrocytes with nanocellulose-alginate bioink for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Biomacromolecules 16:1489–1496. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00188
Melchels FPW, Feijen J, Grijpma DW (2009) A poly(d,l-lactide) resin for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography. Biomaterials 30:3801–3809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.055
Melchels FPW, Feijen J, Grijpma DW (2010) A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials 31:6121–6130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050
Melchels FPW, Dhert WJA, Hutmacher DW, Malda J (2014) Development and characterisation of a new bioink for additive tissue manufacturing. J Mater Chem B 2:2282. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb21280g
Mironi-Harpaz I, Wang DY, Venkatraman S, Seliktar D (2012) Photopolymerization of cell-encapsulating hydrogels: crosslinking efficiency versus cytotoxicity. Acta Biomater 8:1838–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.034
Mohanty S, Alm M, Hemmingsen M, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Trifol J, Thomsen P, Dufva M, Wolff A, Emnéus J (2016) 3D printed silicone-hydrogel scaffold with enhanced physicochemical properties. Biomacromolecules 17:1321. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01722
Moraes C, Simon AB, Putnam AJ, Takayama S (2013) Aqueous two-phase printing of cell-containing contractile collagen microgels. Biomaterials 34:9623–9631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.046
Müller M, Becher J, Schnabelrauch M, Zenobi-Wong M (2015) Nanostructured pluronic hydrogels as bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 7:035006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/3/035006
Murphy SV, Atala A (2014) 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol 32:773–785. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2958
Nair K, Gandhi M, Khalil S, Yan KC, Marcolongo M, Barbee K, Sun W (2009) Characterization of cell viability during bioprinting processes. Biotechnol J 4:1168–1177. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200900004
Nakamura M, Kobayashi A, Takagi F, Watanabe A, Hiruma Y, Ohuchi K, Iwasaki Y, Horie M, Morita I, Takatani S (2005) Biocompatible inkjet printing technique for designed seeding of individual living cells. Tissue Eng 11:1658–1666. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2005.11.1658
Ouyang L, Yao R, Chen X, Na J, Sun W (2015a) 3D printing of HEK 293FT cell-laden hydrogel into macroporous constructs with high cell viability and normal biological functions. Biofabrication 7:015010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/1/015010
Ouyang L, Yao R, Mao S, Chen X, Na J, Sun W (2015b) Three-dimensional bioprinting of embryonic stem cells directs highly uniform embryoid body formation. Biofabrication 7:044101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/044101
Ovsianikov A, Gruene M, Pflaum M, Koch L, Maiorana F, Wilhelmi M, Haverich A, Chichkov B (2010) Laser printing of cells into 3D scaffolds. Biofabrication 2:014104. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/1/014104
Park JY, Shim J-H, Choi S-A, Jang J, Kim M, Lee SH, Cho D-W (2015) 3D printing technology to control BMP-2 and VEGF delivery spatially and temporally to promote large-volume bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 3:5415–5425. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB00637F
Pataky K, Braschler T, Negro A, Renaud P, Lutolf MP, Brugger J (2012) Microdrop printing of hydrogel bioinks into 3D tissue-like geometries. Adv Mater 24:391–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102800
Pati F, Jang J, Ha D-H, Won Kim S, Rhie J-W, Shim J-H, Kim D-H, Cho D-W (2014) Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink. Nat Commun 5:3935. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4935
Pati F, Ha D-H, Jang J, Han HH, Rhie JW, Cho DW (2015) Biomimetic 3D tissue printing for soft tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 62:164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.043
Pereira RF, Bártolo PJ (2015) 3D bioprinting of photocrosslinkable hydrogel constructs. J Appl Polym Sci 132. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42458
Petit V, Thiery J-P (2000) Focal adhesions: structure and dynamics. Biol Cell 92:477–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0248-4900(00)01101-1
Pietrucha K (2005) Changes in denaturation and rheological properties of collagen-hyaluronic acid scaffolds as a result of temperature dependencies. Int J Biol Macromol 36:299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.07.004
Qiu Y, Park K (2001) Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 53:321–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00203-4
Rezende RA, Bártolo PJ, Mendes A, Filho RM (2009) Rheological behavior of alginate solutions for biomanufacturing. J Appl Polym Sci 113:3866–3871. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30170
Ringeisen BR, Kim H, Barron JA, Krizman DB, Chrisey DB, Jackman S, Auyeung RYC, Spargo BJ (2004) Laser printing of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells. Tissue Eng 10:483–491. https://doi.org/10.1089/107632704323061843
Roth EA, Xu T, Das M, Gregory C, Hickman JJ, Boland T (2004) Inkjet printing for high-throughput cell patterning. Biomaterials 25:3707–3715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.052
Rouillard AD, Berglund CM, Lee JY, Polacheck WJ, Tsui Y, Bonassar LJ, Kirby BJ (2011) Methods for photocrosslinking alginate hydrogel scaffolds with high cell viability. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 17:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEC.2009.0582
Rutz AL, Hyland KE, Jakus AE, Burghardt WR, Shah RN (2015) A multimaterial bioink method for 3D printing tunable, cell-compatible hydrogels. Adv Mater 27:1607–1614. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405076
Schmedlen RH, Masters KS, West JL (2002) Photocrosslinkable polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels that can be modified with cell adhesion peptides for use in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 23:4325–4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00177-1
Schuurman W, Khristov V, Pot MW, van Weeren PR, Dhert WJA, Malda J (2011) Bioprinting of hybrid tissue constructs with tailorable mechanical properties. Biofabrication 3:021001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/3/2/021001
Schuurman W, Levett PA, Pot MW, van Weeren PR, Dhert WJA, Hutmacher DW, Melchels FPW, Klein TJ, Malda J (2013) Gelatin-methacrylamide hydrogels as potential biomaterials for fabrication of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. Macromol Biosci 13:551–561. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201200471
Sher P, Oliveira SM, Borges J, Mano JF (2015) Assembly of cell-laden hydrogel fiber into non-liquefied and liquefied 3D spiral constructs by perfusion-based layer-by-layer technique. Biofabrication 7:011001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/1/011001
Shim J-H, Lee J-S, Kim JY, Cho D-W (2012) Bioprinting of a mechanically enhanced three-dimensional dual cell-laden construct for osteochondral tissue engineering using a multi-head tissue/organ building system. J Micromech Microeng 22:085014. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/22/8/085014
Skardal A, Atala A (2015) Biomaterials for integration with 3-D bioprinting. Ann Biomed Eng 43:730–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-014-1207-1
Skardal A, Zhang J, McCoard L, Xu X, Oottamasathien S, Prestwich GD (2010) Photocrosslinkable hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogels for two-step bioprinting. Tissue Eng Part A 16:2675–2685. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2009.0798
Smith CM, Stone AL, Parkhill RL, Stewart RL, Simpkins MW, Kachurin AM, Warren WL, Williams SK (2004) Three-dimensional bioassembly tool for generating viable tissue-engineered constructs. Tissue Eng 10:1566–1576. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2004.10.1566
Smith CM, Christian JJ, Warren WL, Williams SK (2007) Characterizing environmental factors that impact the viability of tissue-engineered constructs fabricated by a direct-write bioassembly tool. Tissue Eng 13:373–383. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2006.0101
Song SJ, Choi J, Park YD, Hong S, Lee JJ, Ahn CB, Choi H, Sun K (2011) Sodium alginate hydrogel-based bioprinting using a novel multinozzle bioprinting system. Artif Organs 35:1132–1136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2011.01377.x
Tabriz AG, Hermida MA, Leslie NR, Shu W (2015) Three-dimensional bioprinting of complex cell laden alginate hydrogel structures. Biofabrication 7:045012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/045012
Takada Y, Ye X, Simon S (2007) The integrins. Genome Biol 8(215). https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2007-8-5-215
Tsai YC, Li S, SG H, Chang WC, Jeng US, Hsu SH (2015) Synthesis of thermoresponsive amphiphilic polyurethane gel as a new cell printing material near body temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:27613–27623. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b10697
Visser J, Peters B, Burger TJ, Boomstra J, Dhert WJA, Melchels FPW, Malda J (2013) Biofabrication of multi-material anatomically shaped tissue constructs. Biofabrication 5:035007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/3/035007
Wallace J, Wang MO, Thompson P, Busso M, Belle V, Mammoser N, Kim K, Fisher JP, Siblani A, Xu Y, Welter JF, Lennon DP, Sun J, Caplan AI, Dean D (2014) Validating continuous digital light processing (cDLP) additive manufacturing accuracy and tissue engineering utility of a dye-initiator package. Biofabrication 6:015003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/6/1/015003
Wang W, Huang Y, Grujicic M, Chrisey DB (2008) Study of impact-induced mechanical effects in cell direct writing using smooth particle hydrodynamic method. J Manuf Sci Eng 130:021012. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2896118
Wang MO, Piard CM, Melchiorri A, Dreher ML, Fisher JP (2015a) Evaluating changes in structure and cytotoxicity during in vitro degradation of three-dimensional printed scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 21:1642–1653. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2014.0495
Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Dong S, Jiang T, Zhou Y, Zhang X (2015b) In vitro investigation of a tissue-engineered cell-tendon complex mimicking the transitional architecture at the ligament-bone interface. J Biomater Appl 29:1180–1192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328214555168
Wei J, Wang J, Su S, Wang S, Qiu J, Zhang Z, Christopher G, Ning F, Cong W (2015) 3D printing of an extremely tough hydrogel. RSC Adv 5:81324–81329. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA16362E
Williams CG, Malik AN, Kim TK, Manson PN, Elisseeff JH (2005) Variable cytocompatibility of six cell lines with photoinitiators used for polymerizing hydrogels and cell encapsulation. Biomaterials 26:1211–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.024
Xu Y, Wang X (2015) Fluid and cell behaviors along a 3D printed alginate/gelatin/fibrin channel. Biotechnol Bioeng 112:1683–1695. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25579
Xu T, Jin J, Gregory C, Hickman JJJJ, Boland T (2005) Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells. Biomaterials 26:93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.011
Xu T, Zhao W, Atala A, Yoo JJ, Forest W, Salem W (2006) Bio-printing of living organized tissues using an inkjet technology. FASEB J 21:131–134
Xu M, Wang X, Yan Y, Yao R, Ge Y (2010) An cell-assembly derived physiological 3D model of the metabolic syndrome, based on adipose-derived stromal cells and a gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen matrix. Biomaterials 31:3868–3877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.111
Xu T, Zhao W, Zhu JM, Albanna MZ, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2013a) Complex heterogeneous tissue constructs containing multiple cell types prepared by inkjet printing technology. Biomaterials 34:130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.035
Xu T, Binder KW, Albanna MZ, Dice D, Zhao W, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2013b) Hybrid printing of mechanically and biologically improved constructs for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Biofabrication 5:015001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/1/015001
Yan Y, Wang X, Pan Y, Liu H, Cheng J, Xiong Z, Lin F, Wu R, Zhang R, Lu Q (2005) Fabrication of viable tissue-engineered constructs with 3D cell-assembly technique. Biomaterials 26:5864–5871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.027
Yu Y, Zhang Y, Martin JA, Ozbolat IT (2013) Evaluation of cell viability and functionality in vessel-like bioprintable cell-laden tubular channels. J Biomech Eng 135:91011. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024575
Zhang Y, Yu Y, Chen H, Ozbolat IT (2013) Characterization of printable cellular micro-fluidic channels for tissue engineering. Biofabrication 5:025004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/2/025004
Zhang M, Vora A, Han W, Wojtecki RJ, Maune H, Le ABA, Thompson LE, McClelland GM, Ribet F, Engler AC, Nelson A (2015) Dual-responsive hydrogels for direct-write 3D printing. Macromolecules 48:6482–6488. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01550
Zhao Y, Yao R, Ouyang L, Ding H, Zhang T, Zhang K, Cheng S, Sun W (2014) Three-dimensional printing of Hela cells for cervical tumor model in vitro. Biofabrication 6:035001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035001
Zhao Y, Li Y, Mao S, Sun W, Yao R (2015) The influence of printing parameters on cell survival rate and printability in microextrusion-based 3D cell printing technology. Biofabrication 7:045002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/045002
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a seed grant from the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation at Children’s National Medical Center and the A. James Clark School of Engineering at the University of Maryland. Additional funding was provided by the National Science Foundation/US Food and Drug Administration Scholar in Residence Program (CBET1445700). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of these funding sources.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply
About this entry
Cite this entry
Arumugasaamy, N., Baker, H.B., Kaplan, D.S., Kim, P.C.W., Fisher, J.P. (2018). Fabrication and Printing of Multi-material Hydrogels. In: Ovsianikov, A., Yoo, J., Mironov, V. (eds) 3D Printing and Biofabrication. Reference Series in Biomedical Engineering(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45444-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45444-3_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45443-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45444-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering