Synonyms
Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs); Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECs); Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)
Definition
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system (Rindi et al. 2010), namely, in the esophagus, include (1) Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) – carcinoids and well-differentiated endocrine tumors/carcinomas; (2) Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) – poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, and small-cell and large-cell endocrine carcinomas; and (3) Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs) (Arnold et al. 2010); there are also hyperplastic and preneoplastic neuroendocrine lesions. NETsare well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms comprising cells with similar features to those of the normal gut endocrine cells, expressing markers of neuroendocrine differentiation (e.g., diffuse and intense chromogranin A and synaptophysin) and hormones, with mild-to-moderate nuclear atypia and low mitotic index and/or low...
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References and Further Reading
Arnold, R., Capella, C., Klimstra, D. S., Kloppel, G., Kominoth, P., Solcia, E., & Rindi, G. (2010). Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the esophagus. In F. T. Bosman, F. Carneiro, R. H. Hruban, & N. E. Theise (Eds.), WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system (pp. 32–34). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Rindi, G., Kloppel, G., Alhman, H., Caplin, M., Couvelard, A., de Herder, W. W., Erikssson, B., Falchetti, A., Falconi, M., Komminoth, P., Korner, M., Lopes, J. M., McNicol, A. M., Nilsson, O., Perren, A., Scarpa, A., Scoazec, J. Y., Wiedenmann, B., & Frascati Consensus Conference P. (2006). TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: A consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Archiv, 449, 395–401.
Rindi, G., Kloppel, G., Couvelard, A., Kommonoth, P., Korner, M., Lopes, J. M., NcNicol, A. M., Nilsson, O., Perren, A., Scarpa, A., Scoazec, J. Y., & Wiedenmann, B. (2007). TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: A consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Archiv, 451, 757–762.
Rindi, G., Arnold, R., Bosman, F. T., Capella, C., Klimstra, D. S., Kloppel, G., & Solcia, E. (2010). Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In F. T. Bosman, F. Carneiro, R. H. Hruban, & N. E. Theise (Eds.), WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system (pp. 13–14). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
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Lopes, J.M. (2017). Neuroendocrine Tumor, Esophagus. In: Carneiro, F., Chaves, P., Ensari, A. (eds) Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Encyclopedia of Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40560-5_1587
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40560-5_1587
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