Skip to main content

Hair Disorders Induced by External Factors

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology

Abstract

  • External factors may result in hair loss, increased hair growth, or changes in the color and texture of the hair.

  • External factors responsible for hair loss are drugs, radiation, traction, fungi, pesticides, plant toxins, heavy metals, and several other chemicals.

  • Several groups of drugs may be responsible for unintentional induction of hair growth.

  • Texture and color of hair may be changed by drugs, metals, and ultraviolet and other radiation.

  • Full recovery is the rule after elimination of the responsible factor.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abele R, Alberto P, Kaplan S, Siegenthaler P, Hofmann V, Ryssel HJ, Hartmann D, Holdener EE, Cavalli F (1983) Phase II study of doxifluridine in advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1:750–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aghamirian MR, Ghiasian SA (2011) Dermatophytes as a cause of epizoonoses in dairy cattle and humans in Iran: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Mycoses 54:e52–e56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akerley W (1996) Phase I/II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced lung cancer. Semin Oncol 23:55–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amster E, Tiwary A, Schenker MB (2007) Case report: potential arsenic toxicosis secondary to herbal kelp supplement. Environ Health Perspect 115:606–608

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atas B, Caksen H, Tuncer O, Kirimi E, Akgun C, Odabas D (2004) Four children with colchicine poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 23:353–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atsmon J, Taliansky E, Landau M, Neufeld MY (2000) Thallium poisoning in Israel. Am J Med Sci 320:327–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Autier J, Escudier B, Wechsler J, Spatz A, Robert C (2008) Prospective study of the cutaneous adverse effects of sorafenib, a novel multikinase inhibitor. Arch Dermatol 144:886–892

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badiugin IS (2009) Incendiary and toxic characteristics of phosphorus. Lessons learned from the accident in L’vov. Voen Med Zh 330:20–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balabanoff VA (1985) Berufliche Dermatomykosen zoophilen Ursprungs in Bulgarien. Derm Beruf Umwelt 33:170–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett WS, Oskvig R, Gaynor ME, Goldgeier MH (2001) Association of reversible alopecia with occupational topical exposure to common borax-containing solutions. J Am Acad Dermatol 44:599–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicer S, Soysal DD, Ctak A, Ucsel R, Karabocuoglu M, Uzel N (2007) Acute colchicine intoxication in a child: a case report. Pediatr Emerg Care 23:314–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F (1977) Aplasie médullaire aprés intoxication aiguë à la colchicine. Nouv Press Med 6:1625–1629

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleise A, Danesi PR, Burkart W (2003) Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU): a general overview. J Environ Radioact 64:93–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brockhaus A, Dolgner R, Ewers U, Kramer U, Soddemann H, Wiegand H (1981) Intake and health effects of thallium among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant emitting thallium containing dust. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 48:375–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodkin E, Copes R, Mattman A, Kennedy J, Kling R, Yassi A (2007) Lead and mercury exposures: interpretation and action. Can Med Assoc J 176:59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brvar M, Kozelj G, Mozina M, Bunc M (2004) Acute poisoning with autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale L.). Wien Klin Wochenschr 116:205–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cascinu S, Del FE, Ligi M, Graziano F, Catalano G (1997) The clinical impact of teniposide in the treatment of elderly patients with small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 20:477–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadeganipour M, Shadzi S, Dehghan P, Movahed M (1997) Prevalence and aetiology of dermatophytoses in Isfahan, Iran. Mycoses 40:321–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cline DJ (1988) Changes in hair color. Dermatol Clin 6:295–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MH, Johnson JR, Pazdur R (2005) Food and drug administration drug approval summary: temozolomide plus radiation therapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Clin Cancer Res 11:6767–6771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conlin AK, Vahdat L (2006) Dermatological toxicity of ixabepilone. Anticancer Res 26:2279–2280

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crounse RG, Maxwell JD, Blank H (1962) Inhibition of growth of hair by mimosine. Nature 194:694–695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel CR III, Piraccini BM, Tosti A (2004) The nail and hair in forensic science. J Am Acad Dermatol 50:258–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eddleston M, Phillips MR (2004) Self poisoning with pesticides. BMJ 328:42–44

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Forde P, Murphy C, O’Sullivan C, Carney D (2011) Triad of trichomegaly, alopecia and male-pattern hair growth during treatment with erlotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer. Ir J Med Sci 180:283–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller LC (2009) Changing face of tinea capitis in Europe. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22:115–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller LC, Child FJ, Midgley G, Higgins EM (2003) Diagnosis and management of scalp ringworm. BMJ 326:539–541

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geleijns J, Wondergem J (2005) X-ray imaging and the skin: radiation biology, patient dosimetry and observed effects. Radiat Prot Dosim 114:121–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grevelman EG, Breed WP (2005) Prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss by scalp cooling. Ann Oncol 16:352–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Chow M, Cooper EA (2005) Dermatophytosis: the management of fungal infections. Skinmed 4:305–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas NS, Shih R, Gochfeld M (2003) A patient with postoperative mercury contamination of the peritoneum. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:175–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton A, Biganzoli L, Coleman R, Mauriac L, Hennebert P, Awada A, Nooij M, Beex L, Piccart M, Van Hoorebeeck I, Bruning P, de Valeriola D (2002) EORTC 10968: a phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of polyethylene glycol liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx, Doxil) at a 6-week interval in patients with metastatic breast cancer. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Ann Oncol 13:910–918

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann JT, Haap M, Kopp HG, Lipp HP (2009) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a review on pharmacology, metabolism and side effects. Curr Drug Metab 10:470–481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herane MI, Urbina F (2004) Acquired trichomegaly of the eyelashes and hypertrichosis induced by bimatoprost. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 18:644–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez-Nunez A, Fernandez-Herrera J, Buceta LR, Garcia-Diez A (2002) Trichomegaly following treatment with interferon alpha-2b. Lancet 359:1107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrlinger KR, Kreisel W, Schwab M, Schoelmerich J, Fleig WE, Ruhl A, Reinshagen M, Deibert P, Fellermann K, Greinwald R, Stange EF (2003) 6-thioguanine–efficacy and safety in chronic active Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:503–508

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata M, Taoda K, Ono-Ogasawara M, Takaya M, Hisanaga N (1998) A probable case of chronic occupational thallium poisoning in a glass factory. Ind Health 36:300–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosea SW, Santaella ML, Brown EJ, Berger M, Katusha K, Frank MM (1980) Long-term therapy of hereditary angioedema with danazol. Ann Intern Med 93:809–812

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang SM, Lee WS, Choi EH, Lee SH, Ahn SK (1999) Nurse’s cap alopecia. Int J Dermatol 38:187–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayamanne DG, Dayan MR, Porter R (1996) Cyclosporin-induced trichomegaly of accessory lashes as a cause of ocular irritation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1159–1161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Jonge ME, Mathot RA, Dalesio O, Huitema AD, Rodenhuis S, Beijnen JH (2002) Relationship between irreversible alopecia and exposure to cyclophosphamide, thiotepa and carboplatin (CTC) in high-dose chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 30:593–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman LD, Izquierdo MM, Serrano JM, Gomez-Reino JJ (1995) 12-year follow-up study of epidemic Spanish toxic oil syndrome. J Rheumatol 22:282–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazantzis G (2002) Mercury exposure and early effects: an overview. Med Lav 93:139–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerdel-Vegas F (1964) Generalized hair loss due to the ingestion of “coco de mono” ( Lecythis ollaria). J Invest Dermatol 42:91–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilbourne EM, de la Posada PM, Abaitua Borda I, Diez Ruiz-Navarro M, Philen RM, Falk H (1991) Toxic oil syndrome: a current clinical and epidemiologic summary, including comparisons with the eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:711–717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimyai-Asadi A, Harris JC, Nousari HC (1999) Critical overview: adverse cutaneous reactions to psychotropic medications. J Clin Psychiatry 60:714–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krstev S, Perunicic B, Vidakovic A (2003) Work practice and some adverse health effects in nurses handling antineoplastic drugs. Med Lav 94:432–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar B, Saraswat A, Kaur I (2002) Mucocutaneous adverse effects of hydroxyurea: a prospective study of 30 psoriasis patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:8–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, Lee MW, Kang YK, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK (2009) Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Br J Dermatol 161:1045–1051

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehenkari E, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S (1995) Dermatophytes in northern Finland in 1982–90. Mycoses 38:411–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leong WA (2008) Case studies in anticoagulation management. J Thromb Thrombolysis 25:78–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leyland-Jones B, Gelmon K, Ayoub JP, Arnold A, Verma S, Dias R, Ghahramani P (2003) Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of trastuzumab administered every three weeks in combination with paclitaxel. J Clin Oncol 21:3965–3971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litt JZ (2007) Drug eruption reference manual, 13th edn. Informa Healthcare, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu CI, Huang CC, Chang YC, Tsai YT, Kuo HC, Chuang YH, Shih TS (2007) Short-term thallium intoxication: dermatological findings correlated with thallium concentration. Arch Dermatol 143:93–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo J, Litherland AJ, Sahlu T, Puchala R, Lachica M, Goetsch AL (2000) Effects of mimosine on fiber shedding, follicle activity, and fiber regrowth in Spanish goats. J Anim Sci 78:1551–1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luther J, Glesby MJ (2007) Dermatologic adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy: recognition and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 8:221–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madani S, Shapiro J (2000) Alopecia areata update. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:549–566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascaro JM Jr, Ferrando J, Fontarnau R, Torras H, Dominguez A, Mascaro JM (1995) Green hair. Cutis 56:37–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maslen MM (2000) Human cases of cattle ringworm due to Trichophyton verrucosum in Victoria, Australia. Australas J Dermatol 41:90–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCurdy SA, Pocekay D, Hammond SK, Woskie SR, Samuels SJ, Schenker MB (1995) A cross-sectional survey of respiratory and general health outcomes among semiconductor industry workers. Am J Ind Med 28:847–860

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore D, House I, Dixon A (1993) Thallium poisoning. Diagnosis may be elusive but alopecia is the clue. BMJ 306:1527–1529

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muggiano A, Mulas C, Fiori B, Liciardi G, Pintus M, Tanca L, Tedde A, Turno R, Desogus A (2004) Feasibility of high-dose interferon-alpha2b adjuvant therapy for high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 14:S1–S7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller D, Desel H (2010) Acute selenium poisoning by paradise nuts (Lecythis ollaria). Hum Exp Toxicol 29:431–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller U, Ratzsch M, Schwanninger M, Steiner M, Zobl H (2003) Yellowing and IR-changes of spruce wood as result of UV-irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol B 69:97–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nogueira AC, Nakano AK, Joekes I (2004) Impairment of hair mechanical properties by sun exposure and bleaching treatments. J Cosmet Sci 55:533–537

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlund JJ, Hartley C, Fister J (1977) On the cause of green hair. Arch Dermatol 113:1700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osimitz TG, Murphy JV, Fell LA, Page B (2010) Adverse events associated with the use of insect repellents containing N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 56:93–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osio A, Mateus C, Soria JC, Massard C, Malka D, Boige V, Besse B, Robert C (2009) Cutaneous side-effects in patients on long-term treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Br J Dermatol 161:515–521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker V, Wong AH, Boon HS, Seeman MV (2001) Adverse reactions to St John’s wort. Can J Psychiatr 46:77–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paus R, Cotsarelis G (1999) The biology of hair follicles. N Engl J Med 341:491–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prussick R (1996) Adverse cutaneous reactions to chemotherapeutic agents and cytokine therapy. Semin Cutan Med Surg 15:267–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MM, Ng JC, Naidu R (2009) Chronic exposure of arsenic via drinking water and its adverse health impacts on humans. Environ Geochem Health 31(Suppl 1):189–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar SV, Reid JM, Novotny PJ, Safgren SL, Scheithauer BW, Johnson PS, Nair S, Morton RF, Hatfield AK, Krook JE, Ames MM, Buckner JC (2000) A randomized phase II and pharmacokinetic study of dacarbazine in patients with recurrent glioma. J Neuro-Oncol 49:255–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter ED, Peled N, Luria M (1982) Mercury exposure and effects at a thermometer factory. Scand J Work Environ Health 8(Suppl 1):161–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roman C, Massai L, Gianni C, Crosti C (2001) Case reports. Six cases of infection due to Trichophyton verrucosum. Mycoses 44:334–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roselino AM, Almeida AM, Hippolito MA, Cerqueira BC, Maffei CM, Menezes JB, Vieira RE, Assis SL, Ali SA (1996) Clinical-epidemiologic study of alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 35:181–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin P, Casarett GW (1968) Clinical radiation pathology as applied to curative radiotherapy. Cancer 22:767–778

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saccomanno G, Auerbach O, Kuschner M, Harley NH, Michels RY, Anderson MW, Bechtel JJ (1996) A comparison between the localization of lung tumors in uranium miners and in nonminers from 1947 to 1991. Cancer 77:1278–1283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ III (1995) Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. Mayo Clin Proc 70:628–633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saimot AG (2001) Medical treatment of liver hydatidosis. World J Surg 25:15–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos Nogueira AC, Joekes I (2004) Hair color changes and protein damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B 74:109–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schillinger BM, Berstein M, Goldberg LA, Shalita AR (1982) Boric acid poisoning. J Am Acad Dermatol 7:667–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrallhammer-Benkler K, Ring J, Przybilla B, Meurer M, Landthaler M (1992) Acute mercury intoxication with lichenoid drug eruption followed by mercury contact allergy and development of antinuclear antibodies. Acta Derm Venereol 72:294–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze M, Helber B, Hardt J, Ehret W (2002) Pyrethroidbelastung durch Parasitenprophylaxe beim Hund. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 127:616–618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott DL, Smolen JS, Kalden JR, van de Putte LB, Larsen A, Kvien TK, Schattenkirchner M, Nash P, Oed C, Loew-Friedrich I (2001) Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide: two year follow up of a double blind, placebo controlled trial versus sulfasalazine. Ann Rheum Dis 60:913–923

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seebacher C, Abeck D, Brasch J, Daeschlein G, Effendy I, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Haake N, Hamm G, Hof H, Korting HC, Kramer A, Mayser P, Schlacke KH, Tietz HJ (2004) Tinea capitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2:462–468

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair R, Grossman KL, Kvedar JC (2003) Anagen hair loss. In: Olsen EA (ed) Disorders of hair growth: diagnosis and treatments, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 275–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Skipworth GB, Goldstein N, McBride WP (1967) Boric acid intoxication from “medicated talcum powder”. Arch Dermatol 95:83–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skrok A, Bednarczuk T, Skwarek A, Popow M, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M (2015) The effect of parathyroid hormones on hair follicle physiology: implications for treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 28:213–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiewak R (2001) Pesticides as a cause of occupational skin diseases in farmers. Ann Agric Environ Med 8:1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava AK, Gupta BN, Bihari V, Gaur JS (1995) Generalized hair loss and selenium exposure. Vet Hum Toxicol 37:468–469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford-Fox V, Guindon KM (2000) Cutaneous reactions associated with alpha interferon therapy. Clin J Oncol Nurs 4:164–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein KM, Odom RB, Justice GR, Martin GC (1973) Toxic alopecia from ingestion of boric acid. Arch Dermatol 108:95–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuttgen G, Haas N, Mittelbach F, Zesch A (1982) Toxischer akuter reversibler Haarausfall durch Dampf/Dunst-Kontakt mit Natriumhypochlorid bzw. Natriumhydroxid enthaltenden Abfluss- und Sanitärreinigers. Wien Klin Wochenschr 94:479–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutter ME, Thomas JD, Brown J, Morgan B (2008) Selenium toxicity: a case of selenosis caused by a nutritional supplement. Ann Intern Med 148:970–971

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tafur AJ, Zapatier JA, Idrovo LA, Oliveros JW, Garces JC (2004) Bone marrow toxicity after yellow phosphorus ingestion. Emerg Med J 21:259–260

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan TG (1970) Occupational toxic alopecia due to borax. Acta Derm Venereol 50:55–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tosti A, Pazzaglia M (2007) Drug reactions affecting hair: diagnosis. Dermatol Clin 25:223–231 vii

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tosti A, Misciali C, Piraccini BM, Peluso AM, Bardazzi F (1994) Drug-induced hair loss and hair growth. Incidence, management and avoidance. Drug Saf 10:310–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Bergfeld W, Camacho F, Dawber RPR, Happle R, Olsen EA, Price V, Rebora A, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, VanNeste D, Whiting DA (2002) Occupational alopecia or alopecia areata? J Am Acad Dermatol 47:636–637

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Vincenzi C, Misciali C (2005) Permanent alopecia after busulfan chemotherapy. Br J Dermatol 152:1056–1058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trefzer U, Hofmann M, Sterry W (2003) Kutane Nebenwirkungen klinisch relevanter Zytokintherapien. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 128:1782–1787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tromme I, Van ND, Dobbelaere F, Bouffioux B, Courtin C, Dugernier T, Pierre P, Dupuis M (1998) Skin signs in the diagnosis of thallium poisoning. Br J Dermatol 138:321–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trueb RM (2003) Is androgenetic alopecia a photoaggravated dermatosis? Dermatology 207:343–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trueb RM (2009) Chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Semin Cutan Med Surg 28:11–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) (1982) Ionizingradiation: sources and biological effects, United Nations ed., New York, E.82.IX.8

    Google Scholar 

  • Uragoda CG (1984) Asthma and other symptoms in cinnamon workers. Br J Ind Med 41:224–227

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dooren-Greebe RJ, Kuijpers AL, Mulder J, De BT, Van de Kerkhof PC (1994) Methotrexate revisited: effects of long-term treatment in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 130:204–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verschuuren HG, Kroes R, Den Tonkelaar EM, Berkvens JM, Helleman PW, Van Esch GJ (1975) Long-tern toxicity and reproduction studies with metaldehyde in rats. Toxicology 4:97–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakhlu A, Aggarwal A, Misra R (2003) Chronic arsenic poisoning mimicking Gottron’s rash. J Rheumatol 30:415–416

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward KM, Barnett C, Fox LP, Grossman ME (2006) Eyelash trichomegaly associated with systemic tacrolimus. Arch Dermatol 142:248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2010) Environmental Health Criteria 224: arsenic and arsenic compounds World Health Organization, Geneva (2001): 1–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiper A, Katira R, Roberts DH (2005) Images in cardiology. Interventional cardiology: it’s a hairy business. Heart 91:1432

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo TL, Francis IC (2001) Intermittent blurred vision and trichomegaly due to latanoprost. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 29:272–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, Thai K (2016) Treatment of permanent chemotherapy – induced alopecia with low dose oral minoxidil. Australas J Dermatol 57(4):e130–e132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang GQ, Wang SZ, Zhou RH, Sun SZ (1983) Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am J Clin Nutr 37:872–881

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Becky S. Li or Howard I. Maibach .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Li, B.S., Pasch, M.C., Maibach, H.I. (2018). Hair Disorders Induced by External Factors. In: John, S., Johansen, J., Rustemeyer, T., Elsner, P., Maibach, H. (eds) Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_26-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_26-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40221-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40221-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics