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Isothiazolinones

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Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology

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Abstract

Isothiazolinones are used in cosmetic and chemical substances for occupational use and possess bacteriostatic and fungiostatic activity. Isothiazolinones are potent contact allergens. The use of the isothiazolinone methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in 3:1 combination with methylisothiazolinone (MI) (MCI/MI) resulted in the 1980s in high prevalence rates of contact allergy to MCI/MI across the EU. This rapid increase in new cases of MCI/MI contact allergy instigated a restriction of MCI/MI to 15 ppm that subsequently resulted in decreasing prevalence rates of contact allergy to MCI/MI in the EU. Later, around the millennium, MI was introduced as a single preservative in chemical substances for occupational use, and in 2005 and onward, MI was introduced in cosmetic products as a single preservative. The use of MI has resulted in an unprecedented steep increase in new cases of contact allergy to MI on the European continent, the US, Asia, and Australia. In many countries, the prevalence rates of MI exceed 7–10%. These two epidemics have mainly been driven by use of MCI/MI and MI in cosmetic products, but both are as well important allergens in the work environment. Occupations at special risk for MCI/MI or MI sensitization are painters, blacksmiths, machine operators, cosmetologists, and tile setters.

Other isothiazolinones, e.g., benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolione (OIT), are only used in industrial products and non-cosmetic consumer products such as paints and leather products and also pose a problem in special occupations.

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  1. National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jakob Ferløv Schwensen & Jeanne Duus Johansen

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  2. Jeanne Duus Johansen
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Correspondence to Jakob Ferløv Schwensen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Niedersachsen, Germany

    Swen Malte John

  2. Department of Dermato-allergology, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jeanne Duus Johansen

  3. Dept. of Dermatology and Allergology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Thomas Rustemeyer

  4. Dept. of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Thüringen, Germany

    Peter Elsner

  5. Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

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Schwensen, J.F., Johansen, J.D. (2018). Isothiazolinones. In: John, S., Johansen, J., Rustemeyer, T., Elsner, P., Maibach, H. (eds) Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_216-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_216-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40221-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40221-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

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