Skip to main content

Occupational Skin Products

Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology

Abstract

The external formulations applied on the skin for the purpose of occupational protection are collectively referred to as occupational skin products. These are part of the three-step program:

  • Pre-exposure, protective (barrier) creams or protective products

  • Cleansing products

  • Skin-care products or postexposure skin care (emollients, moisturizers)

Such formulations may provide protection only against weak irritants and cannot replace the use of other protective means such as gloves.

Studies show that some external products fail to provide the declared anti-irritant efficacy and may actually aggravate irritation.

It is therefore recommended that occupational skin products within the three-step program should be tested experimentally against the relevant irritants from the occupations they are to be used in.

The efficacy of the protective creams is based mainly on skin physiology studies with healthy volunteers; only one RCT demonstrated a benefit in a real occupational setting.

Worker education is needed to provide optimal use and achieve the optimal protection from the three-step program.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allmers H (2001) Wearing test with 2 different types of latex gloves with and without the use of a skin protection cream. Contact Dermatitis 44(1):30–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ananthapadmanabhan KP, Moore DJ et al (2004) Cleansing without compromise: the impact of cleansers on the skin barrier and the technology of mild cleansing. Dermatol Ther 17(Suppl 1):16–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baranda L, Gonzalez-Amaro R et al (2002) Correlation between pH and irritant effect of cleansers marketed for dry skin. Int J Dermatol 41(8):494–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barany E, Lindberg M et al (2000) Unexpected skin barrier influence from nonionic emulsifiers. Int J Pharm 195(1–2):189–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer A, Schmitt J, Bennett C, Coenraads PJ, Elsner P, English J, Williams HC (2010) Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (6):CD004414. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004414.pub2

  • Baur X, Chen Z et al (1998) Results of wearing test with two different latex gloves with and without the use of skin-protection cream. Allergy 53(4):441–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt U, Wigger-Alberti W et al (2000) Efficacy of a barrier cream and its vehicle as protective measures against occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 42(2):77–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt U, Gabard B et al (2002) Integrated skin protection from workplace irritants: a new model for efficacy assessment. Exog Dermatol 1(1):45–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird DK, Schneider AL et al (2008) Navigating transdermal diffusion with multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging. J Microsc 230(Pt 1):61–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanken R, Nater JP et al (1987a) Protective effect of barrier creams and spray coatings against epoxy resins. Contact Dermatitis 16(2):79–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanken R, van der Valk PG et al (1987b) After-work emollient creams: effects on irritant skin reactions. Derm Beruf Umwelt 35(3):95–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanken R, van Vilsteren MJ et al (1989) Effect of mineral oil and linoleic-acid-containing emulsions on the skin vapour loss of sodium-lauryl-sulphate-induced irritant skin reactions. Contact Dermatitis 20(2):93–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blichmann CW, Serup J et al (1989) Effects of single application of a moisturizer: evaporation of emulsion water, skin surface temperature, electrical conductance, electrical capacitance, and skin surface (emulsion) lipids. Acta Derm Venereol 69(4):327–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boman A, Wahlberg JE et al (1982) A method for the study of the effect of barrier creams and protective gloves on the percutaneous absorption of solvents. Dermatologica 164(3):157–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bornkessel A, Flach M et al (2005) Functional assessment of a washing emulsion for sensitive skin: mild impairment of stratum corneum hydration, pH, barrier function, lipid content, integrity and cohesion in a controlled washing test. Skin Res Technol 11(1):53–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourke J, Coulson I et al (2009) Guidelines for the management of contact dermatitis: an update. Br J Dermatol 160(5):946–954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buraczewska I, Loden M (2005) Treatment of surfactant-damaged skin in humans with creams of different pH values. Pharmacology 73(1):1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buraczewska I, Berne B et al (2007a) Changes in skin barrier function following long-term treatment with moisturizers, a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 156(3):492–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buraczewska I, Brostrom U et al (2007b) Artificial reduction in transepidermal water loss improves skin barrier function. Br J Dermatol 157(1):82–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buraczewska I, Berne B et al (2009a) Long-term treatment with moisturizers affects the mRNA levels of genes involved in keratinocyte differentiation and desquamation. Arch Dermatol Res 301(2):175–181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buraczewska I, Berne B et al (2009b) Moisturizers change the mRNA expression of enzymes synthesizing skin barrier lipids. Arch Dermatol Res 301(8):587–594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Fine OF, Hansen AB et al (1996) Water protective effect of barrier creams and moisturizing creams: a new in vivo test method. Contact Dermatitis 35(4):219–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duval C, Lindberg M et al (2003) Differences among moisturizers in affecting skin susceptibility to hexyl nicotinate, measured as time to increase skin blood flow. Skin Res Technol 9(1):59–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Gammal C, Pagnoni A et al (1996) A model to assess the efficacy of moisturizers–the quantification of soap-induced xerosis by image analysis of adhesive-coated discs (D-Squames). Clin Exp Dermatol 21(5):338–343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elsner P, Wigger-Alberti W (2003) Skin-conditioning products in occupational dermatology. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76(5):351–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsner P, Wigger-Alberti W et al (1998) Perfluoropolyethers in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Dermatology 197(2):141–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsner P, Seyfarth F, Antonov D, John SM, Diepgen T, Schliemann S (2014) Development of a standardized testing procedure for assessing the irritation potential of occupational skin cleansers. Contact Dermatitis 70(3):151–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsner P, Bauer A, Fartasch M, Schliemann S (2016) Comments to: Hines J, Wilkinson SM, John SM, et al. The three moments of skin cream application: an evidence-based proposal for use of skin creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016, Aug 22. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14037

  • Fartasch M, Diepgen TL et al (2008) Berufliche Hautmittel. AWMF-Leitlinie Nr. 013/056. From http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/013-056.htm. Retrieved 18 Sept 2009

  • Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Drexler H, Elsner P, John SM, Schliemann S (2015) S1 guideline on occupational skin products: protective creams, skin cleansers, skin care products (ICD 10: L23, L24) – short version. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 13(6):594–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feingold KR (2007) Thematic review series: skin lipids. The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis. J Lipid Res 48(12):2531–2546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JF (1994) Treatment of occupational dermatitis. In: Hogan DJ (ed) Occupational skin disorders. Igaku-Shoin, New York, pp 104–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Frosch PJ, Kurte A (1994) Efficacy of skin barrier creams (IV). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of 4 standard irritants. Contact Dermatitis 31(3):161–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frosch PJ, Kurte A et al (1993a) Efficacy of skin barrier creams (III). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) in humans. Contact Dermatitis 29(3):113–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frosch PJ, Schulze-Dirks A et al (1993b) Efficacy of skin barrier creams (II). Ineffectiveness of a popular “skin protector” against various irritants in the repetitive irritation test in the guinea pig. Contact Dermatitis 29(2):74–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frosch PJ, Schulze-Dirks A et al (1993c) Efficacy of skin barrier creams (I). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) in the guinea pig. Contact Dermatitis 28(2):94–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frosch PJ, Peiler D et al (2003) Efficacy of barrier creams in comparison to skin care products in dental laboratory technicians–a controlled trial. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 1(7):547–557

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fullerton A, Menne T (1995) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effect of barrier gels in nickel contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 32(2):100–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabard B (1994) Testing the efficacy of moisturizers. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Maibach HI (eds) Bioengineering of the skin: water and the stratum corneum. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 147–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabard B, Elsner P et al (1996) Barrier function of the skin in a repetitive irritation model and influence of 2 different treatments. Skin Res Technol 2:78–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gawkrodger DJ, Healy J et al (1995) The prevention of nickel contact dermatitis. A review of the use of binding agents and barrier creams. Contact Dermatitis 32(5):257–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goh CL (1991) Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin (I). Cutting oil dermatitis and barrier cream. Contact Dermatitis 24(1):16–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goh CL, Gan SL (1994) Efficacies of a barrier cream and an afterwork emollient cream against cutting fluid dermatitis in metalworkers: a prospective study. Contact Dermatitis 31(3):176–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grevelink SA, Murrell DF et al (1992) Effectiveness of various barrier preparations in preventing and/or ameliorating experimentally produced Toxicodendron dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 27(2 Pt 1):182–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubauer G, Elias PM et al (1989) Transepidermal water loss: the signal for recovery of barrier structure and function. J Lipid Res 30(3):323–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta BN, Shanker R et al (1987) Safety evaluation of a barrier cream. Contact Dermatitis 17(1):10–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halkier-Sorensen L, Thestrup-Pedersen K (1993) The efficacy of a moisturizer (Locobase) among cleaners and kitchen assistants during everyday exposure to water and detergents. Contact Dermatitis 29(5):266–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannuksela A, Kinnunen T (1992) Moisturizers prevent irritant dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 72(1):42–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held E, Agner T (2001) Effect of moisturizers on skin susceptibility to irritants. Acta Derm Venereol 81(2): 104–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held E, Sveinsdottir S et al (1999) Effect of long-term use of moisturizer on skin hydration, barrier function and susceptibility to irritants. Acta Derm Venereol 79(1): 49–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jepsen JR, Sparre Jorgensen A et al (1985) Hand protection for car-painters. Contact Dermatitis 13(5):317–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kartono F, Maibach HI (2006) Irritants in combination with a synergistic or additive effect on the skin response: an overview of tandem irritation studies. Contact Dermatitis 54(6):303–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim E, Kim S et al (2009) The alkaline pH-adapted skin barrier is disrupted severely by SLS-induced irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 31(4):263–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klotz A, Veeger M et al (2003) Skin cleansers for occupational use: testing the skin compatibility of different formulations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76(5): 367–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korinth G, Weiss T et al (2007) Percutaneous absorption of aromatic amines in rubber industry workers: impact of impaired skin and skin barrier creams. Occup Environ Med 64(6):366–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kresken J, Klotz A (2003) Occupational skin-protection products–a review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76(5):355–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutting B, Drexler H (2003) Effectiveness of skin protection creams as a preventive measure in occupational dermatitis: a critical update according to criteria of evidence-based medicine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76(4):253–259

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kutting B, Drexler H (2008) The three-step programme of skin protection. A useful instrument of primary prevention or more effective in secondary prevention? Dtsch Med Wochenschr 133(5):201–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutting B, Baumeister T, Weistenhofer W, Pfahlberg A, Uter W, Drexler H (2010) Effectiveness of skin protection measures in prevention of occupational hand eczema: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial over a follow-up period of 1 year. Br J Dermatol 162(2):362–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09485.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loden M (1986) The effect of 4 barrier creams on the absorption of water, benzene, and formaldehyde into excised human skin. Contact Dermatitis 14(5):292–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loden M (2005) The clinical benefit of moisturizers. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19(6):672–688; quiz 686-7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loden M, Andersson AC (1996) Effect of topically applied lipids on surfactant-irritated skin. Br J Dermatol 134(2):215–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lodén M, Bárány E et al (2004) The influence of urea treatment on skin susceptibility to surfactant-induced irritation: a placebo-controlled and randomized study. Exog Dermatol 3(1):1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud G, Lachapelle JM (1985) Evaluation of the protective value of an antisolvent gel by laser Doppler flowmetry and histology. Contact Dermatitis 13(1): 14–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud G, Lachapelle JM et al (1984) Histological assessment of skin damage by irritants: its possible use in the evaluation of a “barrier cream”. Contact Dermatitis 11(3):179–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks JG Jr, Fowler JF Jr et al (1995) Prevention of poison ivy and poison oak allergic contact dermatitis by quaternium-18 bentonite. J Am Acad Dermatol 33(2 Pt 1):212–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks R, Dykes PJ et al (1989) Two novel techniques for the evaluation of barrier creams. Br J Dermatol 120(5):655–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias CG (1990) Prevention of occupational contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 23(4 Pt 1):742–748

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauro T, Holleran WM et al (1998) Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: implications for extracellular lipid processing. Arch Dermatol Res 290(4):215–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick RD, Buchman TL et al (2000) Double-blind, randomized trial of scheduled use of a novel barrier cream and an oil-containing lotion for protecting the hands of health care workers. Am J Infect Control 28(4):302–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen LK, Held E et al (2005a) Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. Br J Dermatol 153(6):1142–1146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen LK, Held E et al (2005b) Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 52(2):82–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrenoud D, Gallezot D et al (2001) The efficacy of a protective cream in a real-world apprentice hairdresser environment. Contact Dermatitis 45(3):134–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierard GE, Goffin V et al (1994) Corneosurfametry: a predictive assessment of the interaction of personal-care cleansing products with human stratum corneum. Dermatology 189(2):152–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinola A, Estlander T et al (1993) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA). Contact Dermatitis 29(5):262–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proksch E, Brandner JM et al (2008) The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol 17(12):1063–1072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsing DW, Agner T (1997) Preventive and therapeutic effects of a moisturizer. An experimental study of human skin. Acta Derm Venereol 77(5):335–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger T, Teichmann A et al (2007) Evaluation of barrier creams – introduction and comparison of 3 in vivo methods. Contact Dermatitis 56(6):347–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romaguera C, Grimalt F et al (1985) Formulation of a barrier cream against chromate. Contact Dermatitis 13(2):49–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock PC, Zug KA (2007) Protection from occupational allergens. Curr Probl Dermatol 34:58–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schliemann S (2007) Limitations of skin protection. Curr Probl Dermatol 34:171–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schliemann S, Petri M, Elsner P (2012) How much skin protection cream is actually applied in the workplace? Determination of dose per skin surface area in nurses. Contact Dermatitis 67(4):229–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02119.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schliemann S, Kleesz P, Elsner P (2013) Protective creams fail to prevent solvent-induced cumulative skin irritation – results of a randomized double-blind study. Contact Dermatitis 69(6):363–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schliemann S, Petri M, Elsner P (2014) Preventing irritant contact dermatitis with protective creams: influence of the application dose. Contact Dermatitis 70(1):19–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schluter-Wigger W, Elsner P (1996) Efficacy of 4 commercially available protective creams in the repetitive irritation test (RIT). Contact Dermatitis 34(4):278–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnetz E, Diepgen TL et al (2000) Multicentre study for the development of an in vivo model to evaluate the influence of topical formulations on irritation. Contact Dermatitis 42(6):336–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serup J, Winther A et al (1989) Effects of repeated application of a moisturizer. Acta Derm Venereol 69(5): 457–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slade HB, Fowler J et al (2008) Clinical efficacy evaluation of a novel barrier protection cream. Cutis 82(4 Suppl): 21–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slotosch CM, Kampf G et al (2007) Effects of disinfectants and detergents on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 57(4):235–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spoo J, Wigger-Alberti W et al (2002) Skin cleansers: three test protocols for the assessment of irritancy ranking. Acta Derm Venereol 82(1):13–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Q, Tran M et al (2000) In-situ evaluation of barrier-cream performance on human skin using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Contact Dermatitis 43(5): 259–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suskind RR (1955) The present status of silicone protective creams. Ind Med Surg 24(9):413–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terhaer FK, Bock M et al (2010) Safety, effectiveness and comparability of professional skin cleansers. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 8(10):806–810

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treffel P, Gabard B (1995) Stratum corneum dynamic function measurements after moisturizer or irritant application. Arch Dermatol Res 287(5):474–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treffel P, Gabard B et al (1994) Evaluation of barrier creams: an in vitro technique on human skin. Acta Derm Venereol 74(1):7–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P (1997a) Petrolatum prevents irritation in a human cumulative exposure model in vivo. Dermatology 194(3):247–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P (1997b) Preventive measures in contact dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 15(4):661–665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P (1998) Do barrier creams and gloves prevent or provoke contact dermatitis? Am J Contact Dermat 9(2):100–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Maraffio B et al (1997a) Self-application of a protective cream. Pitfalls of occupational skin protection. Arch Dermatol 133(7):861–864

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Maraffio B et al (1997b) Training workers at risk for occupational contact dermatitis in the application of protective creams: efficacy of a fluorescence technique. Dermatology 195(2):129–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Rougier A et al (1998) Efficacy of protective creams in a modified repeated irritation test. Methodological aspects. Acta Derm Venereol 78(4):270–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Caduff L et al (1999a) Experimentally induced chronic irritant contact dermatitis to evaluate the efficacy of protective creams in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol 40(4):590–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Fischer T et al (1999b) Effects of various grit-containing cleansers on skin barrier function. Contact Dermatitis 41(3):136–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wigger-Alberti W, Spoo J et al (2002) The tandem repeated irritation test: a new method to assess prevention of irritant combination damage to the skin. Acta Derm Venereol 82(2):94–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winker R, Salameh B et al (2009) Effectiveness of skin protection creams in the prevention of occupational dermatitis: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82(5):653–662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winnefeld M, Richard MA et al (2000) Skin tolerance and effectiveness of two hand decontamination procedures in everyday hospital use. Br J Dermatol 143(3): 546–550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlrab W (1984) The influence of urea on the penetration kinetics of topically applied corticosteroids. Acta Derm Venereol 64(3):233–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wohrl S, Kriechbaumer N et al (2001) A cream containing the chelator DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid) can prevent contact allergic reactions to metals. Contact Dermatitis 44(4):224–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota M, Maibach HI (2006) Moisturizer effect on irritant dermatitis: an overview. Contact Dermatitis 55(2): 65–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariae C, Held E et al (2003) Effect of a moisturizer on skin susceptibility to NiCl2. Acta Derm Venereol 83(2):93–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai H, Maibach HI (1996) Effect of barrier creams: human skin in vivo. Contact Dermatitis 35(2):92–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai H, Maibach HI (1998) Moisturizers in preventing irritant contact dermatitis: an overview. Contact Dermatitis 38(5):241–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai H, Maibach HI (2007) Protection from irritants. Curr Probl Dermatol 34:47–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai H, Willard P et al (1998) Evaluating skin-protective materials against contact irritants and allergens. An in vivo screening human model. Contact Dermatitis 38(3):155–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sibylle Schliemann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Antonov, D., Schliemann, S., Elsner, P. (2018). Occupational Skin Products. In: John, S., Johansen, J., Rustemeyer, T., Elsner, P., Maibach, H. (eds) Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_112-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_112-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40221-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40221-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Occupational Skin Products
    Published:
    26 September 2018

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_112-3

  2. Original

    Occupational Skin Products
    Published:
    04 May 2018

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_112-2