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Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics pp 1–28Cite as

Nuclear Receptors and Epigenetic Regulation

  • Living reference work entry
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Abstract

The activity of nuclear receptor (NR) at target genes is regulated by the interaction with ligands, coactivators, corepressors, DNA, and histone-modifying proteins. These interactions influence chromatin status and transcription of genes encoding for factors that impinge on breast cancer processes such as cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, DNA repair, and differentiation. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation at CpG islands and histone modifications influence transcriptional activity directed by various NR including the estrogen, progesterone, aromatic hydrocarbon, vitamin D, and retinoic X receptor. In breast tissues, dietary compounds may alter cancer risk through agonistic and antagonistic interactions toward one or more NR. Examples of food ligands for NR include resveratrol, genistein, curcumin, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Based on the information that ~80% of breast cancer cases are sporadic, i.e., lack a hereditary origin, studies that focus on the interaction of specific or combinations of food compounds with NR promise to unravel new epigenetic strategies against breast cancer.

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Abbreviations

1,25(OH)2−D3:

Cholecalciferol

5-aza:

5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine

AA:

Arachidonic acid

ABC1:

Amplified in breast cancer 1

AF2:

Activation function domain 2

AhR:

Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor

AI:

Aromatase inhibitor

AP1:

Activator protein 1

ARNT:

Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator

BRCA1:

Breast cancer 1

CBP:

cAMP-response element-binding protein

CCND1:

Cyclin D1

CCNE:

Cyclin E

CCNG2:

Cyclin G2

CDH1:

E-cadherin

CDK4:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4

COUP-TFII:

Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transition factor II

COX2:

Cyclooxygenase2

CpG:

Cytosine-phosphate-guanine

CR:

Caloric restriction

CRE:

cAMP-response element

CTSD:

Cathepsin D

CYP1A1:

Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1

CYP1B1:

Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1

CYP24A1:

Cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1

CYP27B1:

Cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily B, polypeptide 1

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

EHMT1:

Eukaryotic histone methyltransferase 1

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

EPHB3:

Ephrin type-B receptor 3

ER:

Estrogen receptor

ERE:

Estrogen receptor element

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1

EVOO:

Extra-virgin olive oil

EZH2:

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2

FOXO-1:

Forkhead box O1

GADD45:

Growth arrest and DNA damage 45

GRIP1:

Glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1

H3K23Ac:

Acetylated histone 3 at lysine 23

H3K27me3:

Trimethylated histone 3 at lysine 27

H3K4me:

Methylated histone 3 at lysine 4

H3K9Ac:

Acetylated histone 3 at lysine 9

H3Ser10P:

Phosphorylated H3 at serine 10

H4Ac:

Acetylated histone 4

H4K20Ac:

Acetylated histone 4 at lysine 20

H4K20me3:

Trimethylated histone 4 at lysine 20

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferase

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

HDM:

Histone demethylase

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

HLCS:

Holocarboxylase synthetase

HMT:

Histone methyltransferase

HP1:

Heterochromatin protein 1

IGFBP4:

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4

KL:

Klotho

LA:

Linoleic acid

LCA:

Lithocholic acid

LOH:

Loss of heterozygosity

LSD1:

Lysine demethylase 1

LUM:

Luminal

MBD2:

Methyl-binding domain protein 2

MeCP2:

Methylated cytosine-binding protein 2

MLK3:

Mixed lineage kinase 3

MLL3:

Mixed lineage leukemia 3

NCoA:

Nuclear coactivator

NCoR:

Nuclear corepressor

NcRNA:

Noncoding RNA

NFkB:

Nuclear factor kB

NR:

Nuclear receptor

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PIK3K:

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3 kinase

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PKCA:

Protein kinase C alpha

PolII:

RNA polymerase II

PR:

Progesterone receptor

PRG:

Progesterone receptor gene

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

PTGES:

Prostaglandin E synthase

RA:

Retinoic acid

RAR:

Retinoic acid receptor

RARE:

Retinoic acid responsive element

RXR:

Retinoic X receptor

SET 7/9:

Methylase histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SET domain 7/9

SFN:

Sulforaphane

Sin3A:

Sin 3 member A

SIRT1:

Sirtuin 1

SMRT:

Silencing-mediator for retinoic and thyroid

SMYD2:

SET and MYND domain-containing 2

Sp1:

Specificity protein 1

SRC1:

Steroid receptor coactivator 1

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

SWI/SNF:

Switch/sucrose non-fermentable nucleosome factor

TAM:

Tamoxifen

TRIM6:

Tripartite motif-containing 6

TRβ:

Thyroid receptor-β

VDR:

Vitamin D receptor

VDRE:

VDR-responsive element

WIF1:

Wnt inhibitory factor 1

XRE:

Xenobiotic response element

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Ornella I. Selmin & Donato F. Romagnolo

  2. University of Arizona Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Ornella I. Selmin, Alberto PG Romagnolo & Donato F. Romagnolo

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  1. Ornella I. Selmin
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  2. Alberto PG Romagnolo
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  3. Donato F. Romagnolo
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Correspondence to Donato F. Romagnolo .

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  1. c/o Editorial Board 978-0-387-78665 , Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

    Vinood Patel

  2. Kings College , London, United Kingdom

    Victor Preedy

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Selmin, O.I., Romagnolo, A.P., Romagnolo, D.F. (2018). Nuclear Receptors and Epigenetic Regulation. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31143-2_121-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31143-2_121-1

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