Skip to main content

Monogenic and Polygenic Contributions to Hypertension

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Pediatric Hypertension

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the genetics of hypertension, reviewing what is known about rare mendelian forms of hypertension, which can be explained by mutations in single genes, as well as the genetics of primary hypertension. Different approaches that allow discovery of new aspects of the genetics of primary hypertension such as candidate gene approaches, linkage studies, and genome-wide association studies are discussed. It is hoped that this chapter will provide a concise primer for reading the literature in the area of genetics and hypertension. The chapter also provides guidance on patient evaluation and approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackrell BA (2000) Progress in understanding structure–function relationships in respiratory chain complex II. FEBS Lett 466:1–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adeyemo A, Gerry N, Chen G, Herbert A, Doumatey A, Huang H (2009) A genome-wide association study of hypertension and blood pressure in African Americans. PLoS Genet 5:e1000564

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal AK, Garg A (2002) A novel heterozygous mutation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:408–411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar RC, Cox G, Pomeroy SL, Dahia PL (2001) Analysis of the SDHD gene, the susceptibility gene for familial paraganglioma syndrome (PGL1), in pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2890–2894

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bähring S, Schuster H, Wienker TF, Haller H, Toka H, Toka O et al. (1996) Construction of a physical map and additional phenotyping in autosomal-dominant hypertension and brachydactyly, which maps to chromosome 12. (abstract). Am J Hum Genet 59(Suppl):A55 only

    Google Scholar 

  • Bähring S, Kann M, Neuenfeld Y, Gong M, Chitayat D, Toka HR et al (2008) Inversion region for hypertension and brachydactyly on chromosome 12p features multiple splicing and noncoding RNA. Hypertension 51:426–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barroso I, Gurnell M, Crowley VE et al (1999) Dominant negative mutations in human PPARgamma associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Nature 402:880–883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baysal BE, Ferrell RE, Willett-Brozick JE et al (2000) Mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in hereditary paraganglioma. Science 287:848–851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biebink GS, Gotlin RW, Biglieri EG, Katz FH (1973) A kindred with familial glucocorticoid-suppressible aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N (1966) 17-Hydroxylation deficiency. J Clin Invest 45:1946

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bilginturan N, Zileli S, Karacadag S, Pirnar T (1973) Hereditary brachydactyly associated with hypertension. J Med Genet 10:253–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Binder A (2007) A review of the genetics of essential hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 22:176–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boda H, Uchida H, Takaiso N, Ouchi Y, Fujita N, Kuno A, Hata T, Nagatani A, FunamotoY MM, Yoshikawa T, Kurahashi H, Inagaki H (2016) A PDE3A mutation in familial hypertension and brachydactyly syndrome. J Hum Genet 61(8):701–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogardus C, Baier L, Permana P, Prochazka M, Wolford J, Hanson R (2002) Identification of susceptibility genes for complex metabolic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 967:1–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botero-Velez M, Curtis JJ, Warnock DG (1994) Brief report: Liddle’s syndrome revisited – a disorder of sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. N Engl J Med 330:178–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyden LM, Choi M, Choate KA, Nelson-Williams CJ, Farhi A, Toka HR, Tikhonova IR, Bjornson R, Mane SM, Colussi G, Lebel M, Gordon RD, Semmekrot BA, Poujol A, Valimaki MJ, De Ferrari ME, Sanjad SA, Gutkin M, Karet FE, Tucci JR, Stockigt JR, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Porter CC, Anand SK, Whiteford ML, Davis ID, Dewar SB, Bettinelli A, Fadrowski JJ, Belsha CW, Hunley TE, Nelson RD, Trachtman H, Cole TR, Pinsk M, Bockenhauer D, Shenoy M, Vaidyanathan P, Foreman JW, Rasoulpour M, Thameem F, Al-Shahrouri HZ, Radhakrishnan J, Gharavi AG, Goilav B, Lifton RP (2012) Mutations in kelch-like 3 and cullin 3 cause hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities. Nature 482:98–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Braun MC, Doris PA (2012) Mendelian and trans-generational inheritance in hypertensive renal disease. Ann Med 44(Suppl 1):S65–S73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera CP, Ng FL, Warren HR, Barnes MR, Munroe PB, Caulfield MJ (2015) Exploring hypertension genome-wide association studies findings and impact on pathophysiology, pathways and pharmacogenetics. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 7(2):73–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capecchi MR (1989) Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244:1288–1292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caulfield M, Munroe P, Pembroke J, Samani N, Dominiczak A, Brown M et al (2003) Genome-wide mapping of human loci for essential hypertension. Lancet 361:2118–2123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerame BI, New MI (2000) Hormonal hypertension in children: 11β-hydroxylase deficiency and apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Pediatr Endocrinol 13:1537–1547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho YS, Go MJ, Kim YJ, Heo JY, Oh JH, Ban HJ et al (2009) A large-scale genome-wide association study of Asian populations uncovers genetic factors influencing eight quantitative traits. Nat Genet 41:527–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi M, Scholl UI, Bjorklund P et al (2011) K1 channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension. Science 331:768–772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coeli FB, Ferraz LF, Lemos-Marini SH, Rigatto SZ, Belangero VM, de Mello MP (2008) Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome in a Brazilian boy caused by the homozygous missense mutation p.R186C in the HSD11B2 gene. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 52:1277–1281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper-DeHoff RM, Johnson JA (2016) Hypertension pharmacogenomics: in search of personalized treatment approaches. Nat Rev Nephrol 12(2):110–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowley AW, Nadeau JH, Baccarelli A, Berecek K, Fornage M, Gibbons GH et al (2012) Report of the NHLBI working group on epigenetics and hypertension. Hypertension 59:899–905

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curnow KM, Slutker L, Vitek J et al (1993) Mutations in the CYP11B1 gene causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hypertension cluster in exons 6, 7 and 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:4552–4556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cvetkovic B, Sigmund CD (2000) Understanding hypertension through genetic manipulation in mice. Kidney Int 57:863–874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delles C, Padmanabhan S (2012) Genetics and hypertension: is it time to change my practice. Can J Cardiol 28:296–304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delles C, McBride MW, Graham D, Padmanabhan S, Dominiczak AF (2010) Genetics of hypertension: from experimental animals to humans. Biochim Biophys Acta 1802(12):1299–1308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dluhy RG (2002a) Screening for genetic causes of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 4:439–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dluhy RG (2002b) Pheochromocytoma: the death of an axiom. N Engl J Med 346:1486–1488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dluhy RG, Anderson B, Harlin B, Ingelfinger J, Lifton R (2001) Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism is associated with severe hypertension in early childhood. J Pediatr 138:715–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doris PA (2002) Hypertension genetics, SNPs, and the common disease: common variant hypothesis. Hypertension 39(Part 2):323–331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehret GB, Morrison AC, O’Connor AA, Grove ML, Baird L, Schwander K et al (2008) Replication of the Wellcome Trust genome-wide association study of essential hypertension: the Family Blood Pressure Program. Eur J Hum Genet 16:1507–1511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Shamieh S, Visvikis-Siest S (2012) Genetic biomarkers of hypertension and future challenges integrating epigenomics. Clin Chim Acta 414:259–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eng C, Crossey PA, Milligan LM et al (1995) Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and the von Hippel–Lindau disease tumour suppressor gene in sporadic and syndromic phaeochromocytomas. J Med Genet 32:934–937

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson D, Kudva YC, Ebersold MJ et al (2001) Benign paragangliomas: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in 236 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5210–5216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans MJ, Kaufman MH (1981) Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292:154–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fallo F, Pilon C, Williams TA, Sonino N, Morra Di Cella S, Veglio F (2004) Coexistence of different phenotypes in a family with glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Hum Hypertens 18:47–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller DS, Farhi A, Pinkerton N, Fradley M, Moritz M, Spitzer A, Meinke G, Tsai FT, Sigler PB, Lifton RP (2000) Activating mineralocorticoid receptor mutation in hypertension exacerbated by pregnancy. Science 289:119–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller DS, Zhang J, Wisgerhof MV et al (2008) A novel form of human mendelian hypertension featuring nonglucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3117–3123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI et al (2010) Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans. Science 329:841–845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gimm O, Armanios M, Dziema H, Neumann HPH, Eng C (2000) Somatic and occult germ-line mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in nonfamilial pheochromocytoma. Cancer Res 60:6822–6825

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glover M, Ware JS, Henry A, Wolley M, Walsh R, Wain LV, Xu S, Van’t Hoff WG, Tobin MD, Hall IP, Cook S, Gordon RD, Stowasser M, O’Shaughnessy KM (2014) Detection of mutations in KLHL3 and CUL3 in families with FHHt (familial hyperkalaemic hypertension or Gordon’s syndrome). Clin Sci 126:721–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Sanchez CE, Montgomery M, Ganguly A, Holland OB, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Grim CE et al (1984) Elevated urinary excretion of 18-oxocortisol in glucocorticoid-suppressible aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:1022–1024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gong M, Zhang H, Schulz H, Lee A-A, Sun K, Bahring S et al (2003) Genome-wide linkage reveals a locus for human essential (primary) hypertension on chromosome 12p. Hum Mol Genet 12:1273–1277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon JW, Ruddle FH (1983) Gene transfers into mouse embryos: production of transgenic mice by pronuclear integration. Methods Enzymol 101:411–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grim CE, Weinberger MH (1980) Familial dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism. Pediatrics 65:597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamet P, Seda O (2007) The current status of genome-wide scanning for hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 22:292–297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson JH, Nelson-Williams C, Suzuki H, Schild L, Shimkets R, Lu Y et al (1995) Hypertension caused by a truncated epithelial sodium channel gamma subunit: genetic heterogeneity of Liddle syndrome. Nat Genet 11:76–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrap SB (1986) Genetic analysis of blood pressure and sodium balance in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 8:572–582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrap SB (2003) Where are all the blood pressure genes? Lancet 361:2149–2151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hegele RA, Cao H, Frankowski C, Mathews ST, Leff T (2002) PPARG F388L, a transactivation-deficient mutant, in familial partial lipodystrophy. Diabetes 51:3586–3590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helmberg A, Ausserer B, Kofler R (1992) Frameshift by insertion of 2 base pairs in codon 394 of CYP11B1 causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1278–1281

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilbert P, Lindpaintner K, Beckmann JS, Serikawa T, Soubrier F, Dubay C, Cartwright P, De Gouyon B, Julier C, Takahasi S et al (1991) Chromosomal mapping of two genetic loci associated with blood-pressure regulation in hereditary hypertensive rats. Nature 353:521–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiltunen TP, Kontula K (2012) Clinical and molecular approaches to individualize antihypertensive drug therapy. Ann Med 44(Suppl 1):S23–S29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong KW, Jin HS, Cho YS, Lee JY, Lee JE, Cho NH et al (2009) Replication of the Wellcome Trust genome-wide association study on essential hypertension in a Korean population. Hypertens Res 32:570–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409:860–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International SNP Map Working Group (2001) A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nature 409:928–933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izawa H, Yamada Y, Okada T, Tanaka M, Hirayama H, Yokota M (2003) Prediction of genetic risk for hypertension. Hypertension 41:1035–1040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob HJ, Lindpaintner K, Lincoln SE, Kusumi K, Bunker RK, Mao YP, Ganten D, Dzau VJ, Lander ES (1991) Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cell 67:213–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeske YW, So A, Kelemen L, Sukor N, Willys C, Bulmer B et al (2008) Examination of chromosome 7p22 candidate genes RBaK, PMS2 and GNA12 in familial hyperaldosteronism type II. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 35:380–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamide K, Yang J, Kokubo Y, Takiuchi S, Miwa Y, Horio T, Tanaka C, Banno M, Nagura J, Okayama A, Tomoike H, Kawano Y, Miyata T (2005) A novel missense mutation, F826Y, in the mineralocorticoid receptor gene in Japanese hypertensives: its implications for clinical phenotypes. Hypertens Res 28:703–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamrath C, Maser-Gluth C, Haag C, Schulze E (2011) Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in hypertensive children. Horm Res Paediatr 76(2):93–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp JB, Smith MW, Nelson GW, Johnson RC, Freedman BI, Bowden DW et al (2008) MYH9 is a major-effect risk gene for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Genet 40:1175–1184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krone N, Arlt W (2009) Genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 23:181–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krushkal J, Ferrell R, Mockrin SC, Turner ST, Sing CF, Boerwinkle E (1999) Genome-wide linkage analyses of systolic blood pressure using highly discordant siblings. Circulation 99:1407–1410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty AR, Torpy DJ, Stowasser M, Taymans SE, Lin JP, Huggard P et al (2000) A novel genetic locus for low renin hypertension: familial hyperaldosteronism type II maps to chromosome 7 (7p22). Med Genet 37:831–835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lalouel J-M, Rohrwasser A, Terreros D, Morgan T, Ward K (2001) Angiotensinogen in essential hypertension: from genetics to nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:606–615

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lander E, Kruglyak L (1995) Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet 11:241–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy D, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, O’Donnell CJ, Lifton RP, Gavras H et al (2000) Evidence for a gene influencing blood pressure on chromosome 17: genome scan linkage results for longitudinal blood pressure phenotypes in subjects from the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 36:477–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy D, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Newton-Cheh C, Wang TJ, Hwang SJ et al (2007) Framingham Heart Study 100 k project: genome-wide associations for blood pressure and arterial stiffness. BMC Med Genet 8(Suppl 1):S3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy D, Ehret GB, Rice K, Verwoert GC, Launer LJ, Dehghan A (2009) Genome-wide association of blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Genet 41:677–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li A, Li KXZ, Marui S, Krozowski ZS, Batista MC, Whorwood C, Arnhold IJP, Shackleton CHL, Mendonca BB, Stewart PM (1997) Apparent mineralocorticoid excess in a Brazilian kindred: hypertension in the heterozygote state. J Hypertens 15:1397–1402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle GW, Bledsoe T, Coppage WS (1963) A familial renal disorder simulating primary aldosteronism with negligible aldosterone secretion. Trans Assoc Am Phys 76:199–213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Cook S, Ulick S et al (1992a) Chimeric 11β-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes GRA and human hypertension. Nature 355:262–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Gutkin M, Fallo F et al (1992b) Hereditary hypertension caused by chimeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthetase. Nat Genet 2:66–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS (2001) Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 104:545–556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luft FC (2017) What have we learned from the genetics of hypertension? Med Clin N Am 101(1):195–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maass PG, Aydin A, Luft C, Schächterle C, Weise A, Stricker S, Lindschau C, Vaegler M, Qadri F, Toka HR, Schulz H, Krawitz PM, Parkhomchuk D, Hecht J, Hollfinger I, Wefeld-Neuenfeld Y, Bartels-Klein E, Mühl A, Kann M, Schuster H, Chitayat D, Bialer MG, Wienker TF, Ott J, Rittscher K, Liehr T, Jordan J, Plessis G, Tank J, Mai K, Naraghi R, Hodge R, Hopp M, Hattenbach LO, Busjahn A, Rauch A, Vandeput F, Gong M, Rüschendorf F, Hübner N, Haller H, Mundlos S, Bilginturan N, Movsesian MA, Klussmann E, Toka O, Bähring S (2015) PDE3A mutations cause autosomal dominant hypertension with brachydactyly. Nat Genet 47(6):647–653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield TA, Simon DB, Farfel Z, Bia M, Tucci JR, Lebel M, Gutkin M, Vialettes B, Christofilis MA, Kauppinen-Makelin R, Mayan H, Risch N, Lifton RP (1997) Multilocus linkage of familial hyperkalaemia and hypertension, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, to chromosomes 1q31–42 and 17p11–q21. Nat Genet 16:202–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantero F, Scaroni C (1984) Enzymatic defects of steroidogenesis: 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. Pediatr Adol Endocrinol 13:83–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Aguayo A, Fardella C (2009) Genetics of hypertensive syndrome. Horm Res 71:253–259

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell PH, Wiesener MS, Chang GW, Clifford SC, Vaux EC, Cockman ME et al (1999) The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature 399:271–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meirhaeghe A, Amouyel P (2004) Impact of genetic variation of PPARgamma in humans. Mol Genet Metab 83:93–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melcescu E, Phillips J, Moll G, Subauste JS, Koch CA (2012) Syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess. Horm Metab Res 44:867–878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mercado AB, Wilson RC, Chung KC, Wei J-Q, New MI (1995) Prenatal treatment and diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2014–2020

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mimouni M, Kaufman H, Roitman A, Morag C, Sadan N (1985) Hypertension in a neonate with 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 143:231–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miura K, Yoshinaga K, Goto K et al (1968) A case of glucocorticoid-responsive hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:1807

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monticone S, Hattangady NG, Nishimoto K, Mantero F, Rubin B, Cicala MV et al (2012) Effect of KCNJ5 mutations on gene expression in aldosterone-producing adenomas and adrenocortical cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E1567–E1572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morris DJ, Latif SA, Brem AS (2014) An alternative explanation of hypertension associated with 17-a hydroxylase deficiency syndrome. Steroids 70:44–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moudgil A, Rodich G, Jordan SC, Kamil ES (2000) Nephrocalcinosis and renal cysts associated with apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 15(1–2):60–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai T, Nishimura G, Kato R, Hasegawa T, Ohashi H, Fukushima Y (1995) Del(12)(p11.21p12.2) associated with an asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy or chondroectodermal dysplasia-like syndrome. Am J Med Genet 55:16–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann HPH, Berger DP, Sigmund G, Blum U, Schmidt D, Parmer RJ et al (1993) Pheochromocytomas, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and von Hippel–Lindau disease. N Engl J Med 329:1531–1538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann HPH, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, Bender BU, Gimm O, Franke G et al (2002) Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 346:1459–1466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New MI (1970) Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Invest 49:1930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • New MI (2003) Inborn errors of adrenal steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 211(1–2):75–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Levine LS (1980) Hypertension of childhood with suppressed renin. Endocr Rev 1:421–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Peterson RE (1967) A new form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27:300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Seaman MP (1970) Secretion rates of cortisol and aldosterone precursors in various forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 30:361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Wilson RC (1999) Steroid disorders in children: congenital adrenal hyperplasia and apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:12790–12797

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Siegal EJ, Peterson RE (1973) Dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Levine LS, Biglieri EG, Pareira J, Ulick S (1977) Evidence for an unidentified ACTH-induced steroid hormone causing hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44:924–933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Oberfield SE, Carey RM, Greig F, Ulick S, Levine LS (1982) A genetic defect in cortisol metabolism as the basis for the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. In: Mnatero F, Biglieri EG, Edwards CRW (eds) Endocrinology of hypertension, Serono Symposia, vol 50. Academic, New York, pp 85–101

    Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Crawford C, Virdis R (1995) Low renin hypertension in childhood, Chapter 53. In: Lifshitz F (ed) Pediatric endocrinology, 3rd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 776

    Google Scholar 

  • New MI, Nimkarn S, Brandon DD, Cunningham-Rundles S, Wilson RC, Newfield RS, Vandermeulen J, Barron N, Russo C, Loriaux DL, O’Malley B (2001) Resistance to multiple steroids in two sisters. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 76:161–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton-Cheh C, Johnson T, Gateva V, Tobin MD, Bochud M, Coin L et al (2009) Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure. Nat Genet 41:666–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shaughnessy KM (2015) Gordon syndrome: a continuing story. Pediatr Nephrol 30(11):1903–1908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oberfield SE, Levine LS, Stoner E et al (1981) Adrenal glomerulosa function in patients with dexamethasone-suppressible normokalemic hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padmanabhan S, Newton-Cheh C, Dominiczak AF (2012) Genetic basis of blood pressure and hypertension. Trends Genet 28:397–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan S, Naruse H, Nakayama T (2015) Progress and issues of the genome-wide association study for hypertension. Curr Med Chem 22(8):1016–1029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow JS, Rose KM, Oberman A, Hunt SC, Atwood LD, Djousse L et al (2000) Possible locus on chromosome 18q influencing postural systolic blood pressure changes. Hypertension 36:471–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perola M, Kainulainen K, Pajukanta P, Terwillinger JD, Hiekkalinna T, Ellonen P et al (2000) Genome-wide scan of predisposing loci for increased diastolic blood pressure in Finnish siblings. J Hypertens 18:1579–1585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinon GM, Fagart J, Souque A, Auzou G, Vandewalle A, Rafestin-Oblin ME (2004) Identification of steroid ligands able to inactivate the mineralocorticoid receptor harboring the S810L mutation responsible for a severe form of hypertension. Mol Cell Endocrinol 217:181–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzolo F, Friso S, Morandini F, Antoniazzi F, Zaltron C, Udali S, Gandini A, Cavarzere P, Salvagno G, Giorgetti A, Speziali G, Choi SW, Olivieri O (2015) Apparent mineralocorticoid excess by a novel mutation and epigenetic modulation by HSD11B2 promoter methylation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(9):E1234–E1241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Province MA, Kardia SLR, Ranade K et al (2003) A meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans for hypertension: the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Family Blood Pressure Program. Am J Hypertens 16:144–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafestin-Oblin ME, Souque A, Bocchi B, Pinon G, Fagart J, Vandewalle A (2003) The severe form of hypertension caused by the activating S810L mutation in the mineralocorticoid receptor is cortisone related. Endocrinology 144:528–533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp JP (2000) Genetic analysis of inherited hypertension in the rat. Physiol Rev 80:135–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice T, Rankinen T, Province MA, Chagnon YC, Perusse L, Borecki IB et al (2000) Genome-wide linkage analysis of systolic and diastolic blood pressure: the Quebec family study. Circulation 102:1956–1963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa S, Duff C, Meyer M, Lang-Muritano M, Balercia G, Boscaro M et al (2007) P450c17 deficiency: clinical and molecular characterization of six patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1000–1007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossier BC (1997) 1996 Homer Smith Award Lecture. Cum grano salis: the epithelial sodium channel and the control of blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:980–992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra JM (2009) Opportunities and limitations of genetic analysis of hypertensive rat strains. J Hypertens 27:1129–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Santoro M, Carlomagno F, Romano A, Bottaro DP, Dathan NA, Grieco M et al (1995) Activation of RET as a dominant transforming gene by germline mutations of MEN2A and MEN2B. Science 267:381–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savage DB, Tan GD, Acerini CL, Jebb SA, Agostini M, Gurnell M et al (2003) Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Diabetes 52:910–917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheffler IE (1998) Molecular genetics of succinate: quinone oxidoreductase in eukaryotes. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 60:267–315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholl UI, Stolting G, Nelson-Williams C, Vichot AA, Choi M, Loring E, Prasad ML, Goh G, Carling T, Juhlin CC, Quack I, Rump LC et al (2015) Recurrent gain of function mutation in calcium channel CACNA1H causes early-onset hypertension with primary aldosteronism. elife 4:e06315

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster H, Wienker TF, Bahring S, Bilginturan N, Toka HR, Neitzel H et al (1996) Severe autosomal dominant hypertension and brachydactyly in a unique Turkish kindred maps to human chromosome 12. Nat Genet 13:98–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton CH (1993) Mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of steroid-related disorders and in hypertension research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 45:127–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Fatibene J, Ferraro F, Jia H, Monteith S, Brown C et al (2000) A genome-wide search for susceptibility loci to human essential hypertension. Hypertension 35:1291–1296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimkets RA, Warnock DG, Bositis CM, Nelson-Williams C, Hansson JH, Schambelan M et al (1994) Liddle’s syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell 79:407–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simino J, Rao DC, Freedman BI (2012) Novel findings and future directions on the genetics of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 21(5):500–507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner CA, Rumsby G (1994) Steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency caused by a 5-base pair duplication in the CYP11B1 gene. Hum Mol Genet 3:377–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sober S, Org E, Kepp K, Juhanson P, Eyheramendy S et al (2009) Targeting 160 candidate genes for blood pressure regulation with a genome-wide genotyping array. PLoS One 4(6):e6034

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Tunny TJ, Klemm SA, Finn WL, Krek AL (1992) Familial hyperaldosteronism type II: five families with a new variety of primary aldosteronism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 19:319–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stowasser M, Pimenta E, Gordon RD (2011) Familial or genetic primary aldosteronism and Gordon syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 40:343–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland DJA, Ruse JL, Laidlaw JC (1966) Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J 95:1109

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Toka O, Tank J, Schacterle C, Aydin A, Maass PG, Elitok S, Bartels-Klein E, Hollfinger I, Lindschau C, Mai K, Boschmann M, Rahn G, Movsesian MA, Müller T, Doescher A, Gnoth S, Mühl A, Toka HR, Wefeld-Neuenfeld Y, Utz W, Töpper A, Jordan J, Schulz-Menger J, Klussmann E, Bähring S, Luft FC (2015) Clinical effects of phosphodiesterase 3a mutations in inherited hypertension with brachydactyly. Hypertension 66(4):800–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torpy DJ, Gordon RD, Lin JP, Huggard PR, Taymans SE, Stowasser M et al (1998) Familial hyperaldosteronism type II: description of a large kindred and exclusion of the aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3214–3218

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ugrasbul F, Wiens T, Rubinstein P, New MI, Wilson RC (1999) Prevalence of mild apparent mineralocorticoid excess in Mennonites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4735–4738

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulick S, Chu MD (1982) Hypersecretion of a new cortico-steroid, 18-hydroxycortisol in two types of adrenocortical hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 4(9/10):1771–1777

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulick S, Chu MD, Land M (1983) Biosynthesis of 18-oxocortisol by aldosterone-producing adrenal tissue. J Biol Chem 258:5498–5502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW et al (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science 291:1304–1351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Chan TK, Yeung RT, Coghlan JP, Scoggins BA, Stockigt JR (1981) The effect of triamterene and sodium intake on renin, aldosterone, and erythrocyte sodium transport in Liddle’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:1027–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DG, Fan J-B, Siao C-J, Berno A, Young P, Sapolsky R et al (1998) Large-scale identification, mapping and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Science 280:1077–1082

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei LK, Au A, Teh LK, Lye HS (2017) Recentadvances in the genetics of hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:561–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447:661–678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White PC, Dupont J, New MI, Lieberman E, Hochberg Z, Rosler A (1991) A mutation in CYP11B1 [Arg448His] associated with steroid 22-beta-hydroxylase deficiency in Jews of Moroccan origin. J Clin Invest 87:1664–1667

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson H, Disse-Nicodeme S, Choate K, Ishikawa K, Nelson-Williams C, Desitter I, Gunel M, Milford DV, Lipkin GW, Achard J-M, Feely MP, Dussol B, Berland Y, Unwin RJ, Mayan H, Simon DB, Farfel Z, Jeunemaitre X, Lifton RP (2001) Human hypertension caused by mutations in WNK kinases. Science 293:1107–1111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson FH, Kahle KT, Sabath E, Lalioti MD, Rapson AK, Hoover RS, Hebert SC, Gamba G, Lifton RP (2003) Molecular pathogenesis of inherited hypertension with hyperkalemia: the Na-Cl cotransporter is inhibited by wildtype but not mutant WNK4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:680–684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson FH, Hariri A, Farhi A, Zhao H, Petersen KF, Toka HR et al (2004) A cluster of metabolic defects caused by mutation in a mitochondrial tRNA. Science 306:1190–1194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Rogus JJ, Terwedow HA, Yang J, Wang Z, Chen C et al (1999) An extreme-sib-pair genome scan for genes regulating blood pressure. Am J Hum Genet 64:1694–1701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yanase T, Simpson ER, Waterman MR (1991) 17-Alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency: from clinical investigation to molecular definition. Endocr Rev 12:91–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang CL, Angell J, Mitchell R, Ellison DH (2003) WNK kinases regulate thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransport. J Clin Invest 11:1039–1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang K-Q, Xiao Y, Tian T, Gao L-G, Zhou X-L (2014) Molecular genetics of Liddle’s syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 436:202–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yiu VW, Dluhy RG, Lifton RP, Guay-Woodford LM (1997) Low peripheral plasma renin activity as a critical marker in pediatric hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 11:343–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zachmann M, Vollmin JA, New MI, Curtius C-C, Prader A (1971) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to deficiency of 11-hydroxylation of 17a-hydroxylated steroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zennaro MC, Jeunmaitre X (2016) SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 5: genetic diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 77(3):214–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu X, Yen-Pei CC, Yan D, Weder A, Cooper R, Luke A et al (2003) Associations between hypertension and genes in the renin–angiotensin system. Hypertension 41:1027–1034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Ingelfinger, J.R. (2018). Monogenic and Polygenic Contributions to Hypertension. In: Flynn, J., Ingelfinger, J., Redwine, K. (eds) Pediatric Hypertension. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31107-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31107-4_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31106-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31107-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics