Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neonatology pp 1955–1996Cite as

Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal and Urinary Tract Malformations in Newborns

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

  • 112 Accesses

Abstract

Renal and urinary tract malformations in newborns are mostly congenital anomalies with genetic causes and can be classified according to location. Renal agenesis can be detected by ultrasound, and it can be isolated or part of a syndrome. Abnormal migration and positioning of the kidney during embryogenesis can result in malrotation or malpositioning. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder presenting different pattern of inheritance: autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and nephronophthisis/ medullary cystic kidney disease. ARPKD is associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis leading to the development of portal hypertension. Obstructive uropathy is also common in the newborn and can be divided as high and low tract obstruction, among which pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction and posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are respectively the most common causes. Obstructive hydrouretero-nephrosis may include primary or congenital vesicoureteric junction obstruction (VUJO) and a secondary form of VUJO (i.e., ureterocele, retroperitoneal fibrosis, calculus). Vescico-ureteric reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine into the upper urinary tract, often primary or associated with dysplastic kidneys. Moreover, VUR can be a result of ureteral duplications, ectopia, and ureterocele. Hypospadias is one of the most frequent genital malformations and results from abnormal penile and urethral development. Ultrasound (US) screening for fetal anomalies is the major imaging tool. For postnatal causes, imaging investigations include US, computerized-tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The usual recommendation is that renography should be delayed until the age of 4 weeks, because of the immaturity of nephrons in newborns.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   479.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   799.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott JF, Levine D, Wapner R (1998) Posterior urethral valves: inaccuracy of prenatal diagnosis. Fetal Diagn Ther 13:179–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Afshar K, Papanikolaou F, Malek R, Bagli D, Pippi-Salle JL, Khoury A (2005) Vesicoureteral reflux and complete ureteral duplication. Conservative or surgical management? J Urol 173:1725–1727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal SK, Fisk NM (2001) In utero therapy for lower urinary tract obstruction. Prenat Diagn 21:970–976

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alam-Faruque Y, Hill DP, Dimmer EC, Harris MA, Foulger RE, Tweedie S et al (2014) Representing kidney development using the gene ontology. PLoS One 9:e99864

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alconcher LF, Tombesi MM (2012) Natural history of bilateral mild isolated antenatal hydronephrosis conservatively managed. Pediatr Nephrol 27:1119–1123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Society of Nephrology (2005) American Society of Nephrology Renal Research Report. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1886–1903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NG, Abbott GD, Mogridge N, Allan RB, Maling TM, Wells JE (1997) Vesicoureteric reflux in the newborn: relationship to fetal renal pelvic diameter. Pediatr Nephrol 11:610–616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NG, Wright S, Abbott GD, Wells JE, Mogridge N (2003) Fetal renal pelvic dilatation – poor predictor of familial vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 18:902–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arena S, Magno C, Montalto AS, Russo T, Mami C, Baldari S et al (2012) Long-term follow-up of neonatally diagnosed primary megaureter: rate and predictors of spontaneous resolution. Scand J Urol Nephrol 46:201–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ariel I, Wells TR, Landing BH, Singer DB (1991) The urinary system in down syndrome: a study of 124 autopsy cases. Pediatr Pathol 11:879–888

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ascenti G, Zimbaro G, Mazziotti S, Chimenz R, Baldari S, Fede C (2003) Vesicoureteral reflux: comparison between urosonography and radionuclide cystography. Pediatr Nephrol 18:768–771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Assadi FK (2002) Quantitation of microalbuminuria using random urine samples. Pediatr Nephrol 17:107–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atzori L, Antonucci R, Barberini L, Locci E, Marincola FC, Scano P et al (2011a) 1H NMR-based metabolomic analysis of urine from preterm and term neonates. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 3:1005–1012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atzori L, Mussap M, Noto A, Barberini L, Puddu M, Coni E et al (2011b) Clinical metabolomics and urinary NGAL for the early prediction of chronic kidney disease in healthy adults born ELBW. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 24(Suppl 2):40–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baek M, Park K, Choi H (2010) Long-term outcomes of dismembered pyeloplasty for midline-crossing giant hydronephrosis caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children. Urology 76:1463–1467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bajpai M, Dave S, Gupta DK (2001) Factors affecting outcome in the management of posterior urethral valves. Pediatr Surg Int 17:11–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barisic I, Odak L, Loane M, Garne E, Wellesley D, Calzolari E et al (2013) Fraser syndrome: epidemiological study in a European population. Am J Med Genet A 161A:1012–1018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartram MP, Höhne M, Dafinger C, Völker LA, Albersmeyer M, Heiss J et al (2013) Conditional loss of kidney microRNAs results in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). J Mol Med (Berl) 91:739–748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basturk T, Koc Y, Ucar Z, Sakaci T, Ahbap E, Kara E et al (2015) Renal damage frequency in patients with solitary kidney and factors that affect progression. Int J Nephrol 2015:876907

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beales PL, Bland E, Tobin JL, Bacchelli C, Tuysuz B, Hill J et al (2007) IFT80, which encodes a conserved intraflagellar transport protein, is mutated in Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Nat Genet 39:727–729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belk RA, Thomas DF, Mueller RF, Godbole P, Markham AF, Weston MJ (2002) A family study and the natural history of prenatally detected unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. J Urol 167:666–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Chaim J, Docimo SG, Jeffs RD, Gearhart JP (1996) Bladder exstrophy from childhood into adult life. J R Soc Med 89:39P–46P

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann C, Senderek J, Schneider F, Dornia C, Küpper F, Eggermann T et al (2004) PKHD1 mutations in families requesting prenatal diagnosis for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Hum Mutat 23:487–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biason-Lauber A, Konrad D, Navratil F, Schoenle EJ (2004) A WNT4 mutation associated with Müllerian-duct regression and virilization in a 46,XX woman. N Engl J Med 351:792–798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bienstock JL, Birsner ML, Coleman F, Hueppchen NA (2014) Successful in utero intervention for bilateral renal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol 124:413–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bissler JJ, Dixon BP (2005) A mechanistic approach to inherited polycystic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 20:558–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogart MM, Arnold HE, Greer KE (2006) Prune-belly syndrome in two children and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 23:342–345

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boghossian NS, Sicko RJ, Kay DM, Rigler SL, Caggana M, Tsai MY et al (2016) Rare copy number variants implicated in posterior urethral valves. Am J Med Genet A 170:622–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bökenkamp A, Domanetzki M, Zinck R, Schumann G, Brodehl J (1998) Reference values for cystatin C serum concentrations in children. Pediatr Nephrol 12:125–129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonventre JV (2009) Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a urinary biomarker and much more. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:3265–3268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boubaker A, Prior JO, Meuwly JY, Bischof-Delaloye A (2006) Radionuclide investigations of the urinary tract in the era of multimodality imaging. J Nucl Med 47:1819–1836

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Bruyn R, Marks SD (2008) Postnatal investigation of fetal renal disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 13:133–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunk DM (2007) Reference materials and reference measurement procedures: an overview from a national metrology institute. Clin Biochem Rev 28:131–137

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Capolicchio G, Leonard MP, Wong C, Jednak R, Brzezinski A, Salle JL (1999) Prenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis: impact on renal function and its recovery after pyeloplasty. J Urol 162:1029–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Nelson V, Selvin S, Torfs CP, Curry CJ (2003) Hypospadias in California: trends and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiology 14:701–706

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caruana G, Wong MN, Walker A, Heloury Y, Webb N, Johnstone L et al (2015) Copy-number variation associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 30:487–495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cascio S, Paran S, Puri P (1999) Associated urological anomalies in children with unilateral renal agenesis. J Urol 162:1081–1083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassart M, Massez A, Metens T, Rypens F, Lambot MA, Hall M et al (2004) Complementary role of MRI after sonography in assessing bilateral urinary tract anomalies in the fetus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:689–695

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceriotti F, Boyd JC, Klein G, Henny J, Queraltó J, Kairisto V et al (2008) Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global application. Clin Chem 54:559–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaumoitre K, Brun M, Cassart M, Maugey-Laulom B, Eurin D, Didier F et al (2006) Differential diagnosis of fetal hyperechogenic cystic kidneys unrelated to renal tract anomalies: a multicenter study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 28:911–917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JJ, Mao W, Homayoon K, Steinhardt GF (2004) A multivariate analysis of dysfunctional elimination syndrome, and its relationships with gender, urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 171:1907–1910

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chertin B, Rolle U, Farkas A, Puri P (2002) Does delaying pyeloplasty affect renal function in children with a prenatal diagnosis of pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction? BJU Int 90:72–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choo KL, Borzi PA (2001) Surgical correction of pelviureteric junction obstruction in childhood – dorsal lumbotomy approach and selective internal ureteric stenting. Pediatr Surg Int 17:152–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensson A, Ekberg J, Grubb A, Ekberg H, Lindström V, Lilja H (2003) Serum cystatin C is a more sensitive and more accurate marker of glomerular filtration rate than enzymatic measurements of creatinine in renal transplantation. Nephron Physiol 94:p19–p27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark TJ, Martin WL, Divakaran TG, Whittle MJ, Kilby MD, Khan KS (2003) Prenatal bladder drainage in the management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 102:367–382

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comper WD, Osicka TM (2005) Detection of urinary albumin. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 12:170–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Consugar MB, Kubly VJ, Lager DJ, Hommerding CJ, Wong WC, Bakker E et al (2007) Molecular diagnostics of Meckel-Gruber syndrome highlights phenotypic differences between MKS1 and MKS3. Hum Genet 121:591–599

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coplen DE, Austin PF, Yan Y, Blanco VM, Dicke JM (2006) The magnitude of fetal renal pelvic dilatation can identify obstructive postnatal hydronephrosis, and direct postnatal evaluation and management. J Urol 176:724–727. discussion 727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig JC, Irwig LM, Knight JF, Roy LP (2000) Does treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in childhood prevent end-stage renal disease attributable to reflux nephropathy? Pediatrics 105:1236–1241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crombleholme TM, Harrison MR, Golbus MS, Longaker MT, Langer JC, Callen PW et al (1990) Fetal intervention in obstructive uropathy: prognostic indicators and efficacy of intervention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:1239–1244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daïkha-Dahmane F, Dommergues M, Muller F, Narcy F, Lacoste M, Beziau A et al (1997) Development of human fetal kidney in obstructive uropathy: correlations with ultrasonography and urine biochemistry. Kidney Int 52:21–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damen-Elias HA, Stoutenbeek PH, Visser GH, Nikkels PG, de Jong TP (2005) Concomitant anomalies in 100 children with unilateral multicystic kidney. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 25:384–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Decramer S, Parant O, Beaufils S, Clauin S, Guillou C, Kessler S et al (2007) Anomalies of the TCF2 gene are the main cause of fetal bilateral hyperechogenic kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:923–933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhillon HK (1998) Prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis: the Great Ormond Street experience. Br J Urol 81(Suppl 2):39–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodder NG, Tai SS, Sniegoski LT, Zhang NF, Welch MJ (2007) Certification of creatinine in a human serum reference material by GC-MS and LC-MS. Clin Chem 53:1694–1699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson MD, Chambers RE, Woolridge MW, Whicher JT (1989) Stability of alpha 1-microglobulin, beta 2-microglobulin and retinol binding protein in urine. Clin Chim Acta 179:73–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley JA, Haworth JM, McGraw ME, Frank JD, Tizard EJ (1997) Clinical relevance and implications of antenatal hydronephrosis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 76:F31–F34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duke V, Quinton R, Gordon I, Bouloux PM, Woolf AS (1998) Proteinuria, hypertension and chronic renal failure in X-linked Kallmann’s syndrome, a defined genetic cause of solitary functioning kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1998–2003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edghill EL, Bingham C, Ellard S, Hattersley AT (2006) Mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta and their related phenotypes. J Med Genet 43:84–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eknoyan G, Hostetter T, Bakris GL, Hebert L, Levey AS, Parving HH et al (2003) Proteinuria and other markers of chronic kidney disease: a position statement of the national kidney foundation (NKF) and the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (NIDDK). Am J Kidney Dis 42:617–622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos V (2016) Metabolomics and microbiomics: personalized medicine from the fetus to the adult. Academic Press/Elsevier, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanos V, Cataldi L (2004) Antibiotics or surgery for vesicoureteric reflux in children. Lancet 364:1720–1722

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos V, Chevalier R, Faa G, Cataldi L (2012) Developmental nephrology: from embryology to metabolomics. Hygeia Press, Quartu S. Elena

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanos V, Noto A, Caboni P, Pintus MC, Liori B, Dessì A et al (2014) Urine metabolomic profiling in neonatal nephrology. Clin Biochem 47:708–710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos V, Puddu M, Ottonello G (2016) Metabolomics in nephrology: from the fetus to the adult. Selected Lectures of the 12th International Workshop on Neonatology. J Pediatr Neonatal Individual Med 5:e050246

    Google Scholar 

  • Feather SA, Malcolm S, Woolf AS, Wright V, Blaydon D, Reid CJ et al (2000) Primary, nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux and its nephropathy is genetically heterogeneous, with a locus on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet 66:1420–1425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feldenberg LR, Siegel NJ (2000) Clinical course and outcome for children with multicystic dysplastic kidneys. Pediatr Nephrol 14:1098–1101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filler G, Lepage N (2003) Should the Schwartz formula for estimation of GFR be replaced by cystatin C formula? Pediatr Nephrol 18:981–985

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filler G, Priem F, Vollmer I, Gellermann J, Jung K (1999) Diagnostic sensitivity of serum cystatin for impaired glomerular filtration rate. Pediatr Nephrol 13:501–505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer A, Ghadiri A, Dessauge F, Duhamel M, Rebollo MP, Alvarez-Franco F et al (2006) Modulating apoptosis as a target for effective therapy. Mol Immunol 43:1065–1079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gambhir L, Höller T, Müller M, Schott G, Vogt H, Detlefsen B et al (2008) Epidemiological survey of 214 families with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Urol 179:1539–1543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gandy SJ, Armoogum K, Nicholas RS, McLeay TB, Houston JG (2007) A clinical MRI investigation of the relationship between kidney volume measurements and renal function in patients with renovascular disease. Br J Radiol 80:12–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gargollo PC, Borer JG, Diamond DA, Hendren WH, Rosoklija I, Grant R et al (2008) Prospective followup in patients after complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy. J Urol 180:1665–1670. discussion 1670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garne E, Loane M, Wellesley D, Barisic I, EUROCAT Working Group (2009) Congenital hydronephrosis: prenatal diagnosis and epidemiology in Europe. J Pediatr Urol 5:47–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glodny B, Petersen J, Hofmann KJ, Schenk C, Herwig R, Trieb T et al (2009) Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int 103:224–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gokce I, Biyikli N, Tugtepe H, Tarcan T, Alpay H (2012) Clinical spectrum of antenatally detected urinary tract abnormalities with respect to hydronephrosis at postnatal ultrasound scan. Pediatr Surg Int 28:543–552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González Celedón C, Bitsori M, Tullus K (2007) Progression of chronic renal failure in children with dysplastic kidneys. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1014–1020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greive KA, Balazs ND, Comper WD (2001) Protein fragments in urine have been considerably underestimated by various protein assays. Clin Chem 47:1717–1719

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grenier FC, Ali S, Syed H, Workman R, Martens F, Liao M et al (2010) Evaluation of the ARCHITECT urine NGAL assay: assay performance, specimen handling requirements and biological variability. Clin Biochem 43:615–620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grisaru S, Rosenblum ND (2001) Glypicans and the biology of renal malformations. Pediatr Nephrol 16:302–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guder WG, Hofmann W (1992) Markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of renal tubular lesions. Clin Nephrol 38(Suppl 1):S3–S7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn TR, Mora JD, Pease P (1995) Antenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities by ultrasonography after 28 weeks’ gestation: incidence and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:479–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Story D, Matalanis G, Dragun D et al (2009) Novel and conventional serum biomarkers predicting acute kidney injury in adult cardiac surgery – a prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 37:553–560

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmoinen A, Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Janas M, Kaila M, Kouri T (2000) Reference intervals for cystatin C in pre- and full-term infants and children. Pediatr Nephrol 15:105–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon WE (2009) Glomerular filtration rate in children with chronic kidney disease. Clin Chem 55:400–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser P, Schwarz C, Mitterbauer C, Regele HM, Mühlbacher F, Mayer G et al (2004) Genome-wide gene-expression patterns of donor kidney biopsies distinguish primary allograft function. Lab Invest 84:353–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins JS, Dashe JS, Twickler DM (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of severe fetal renal anomalies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198:328.e321–328.e325

    Google Scholar 

  • Herget-Rosenthal S, Poppen D, Hüsing J, Marggraf G, Pietruck F, Jakob HG et al (2004) Prognostic value of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis. Clin Chem 50:552–558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heymans C, Breysem L, Proesmans W (1998) Multicystic kidney dysplasia: a prospective study on the natural history of the affected and the contralateral kidney. Eur J Pediatr 157:673–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hidas G, Billimek J, Nam A, Soltani T, Kelly MS, Selby B et al (2015) Predicting the risk of breakthrough urinary tract infections: primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 194:1396–1401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill LM, Nowak A, Hartle R, Tush B (2000) Fetal compensatory renal hypertrophy with a unilateral functioning kidney. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 15:191–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinze CH, Suzuki M, Klein-Gitelman M, Passo MH, Olson J, Singer NG et al (2009) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a predictor of the course of global and renal childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 60:2772–2781

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraoka M, Tsukahara H, Ohshima Y, Kasuga K, Ishihara Y, Mayumi M (2002) Renal aplasia is the predominant cause of congenital solitary kidneys. Kidney Int 61:1840–1844

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch R, Dent C, Pfriem H, Allen J, Beekman RH, Ma Q et al (2007) NGAL is an early predictive biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 22:2089–2095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, Baskin M, Kearney DH, Wald ER (2003) Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med 348:195–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodson EM, Wheeler DM, Vimalchandra D, Smith GH, Craig JC (2007) Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:CD001532

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann W, Regenbogen C, Edel H, Guder WG (1994) Diagnostic strategies in urinalysis. Kidney Int Suppl 47:S111–S114

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg RJ, Furth S, Lemley KV, Portman R, Schwartz GJ, Coresh J et al (2003) National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Pediatrics 111:1416–1421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohenfellner K, Wingen AM, Nauroth O, Wühl E, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2001) Impact of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on congenital renal malformations. Pediatr Nephrol 16:356–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horst M, Smith GH (2008) Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction in duplex kidneys. BJU Int 101:1580–1584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hortin GL, Sviridov D (2007) Diagnostic potential for urinary proteomics. Pharmacogenomics 8:237–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer PF (2015) Clinical manifestations of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Curr Opin Pediatr 27:186–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton KA, Thomas DF, Davies BW (1997) Prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: qualitative assessment of second trimester scans and prediction of outcome. J Urol 158:1022–1025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichimura T, Hung CC, Yang SA, Stevens JL, Bonventre JV (2004) Kidney injury molecule-1: a tissue and urinary biomarker for nephrotoxicant-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286:F552–F563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ickowicz V, Eurin D, Maugey-Laulom B, Didier F, Garel C, Gubler MC et al (2006) Meckel-Grüber syndrome: sonography and pathology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27:296–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaili K, Hall M, Donner C, Thomas D, Vermeylen D, Avni FE et al (2003) Results of systematic screening for minor degrees of fetal renal pelvis dilatation in an unselected population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:242–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaili K, Avni FE, Wissing KM, Hall M, Brussels Free University Perinatal Nephrology Study Group (2004a) Long-term clinical outcome of infants with mild and moderate fetal pyelectasis: validation of neonatal ultrasound as a screening tool to detect significant nephrouropathies. J Pediatr 144:759–765

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaili K, Avni FE, Piepsz A, Wissing KM, Cochat P, Aubert D et al (2004b) Current management of infants with fetal renal pelvis dilation: a survey by French-speaking pediatric nephrologists and urologists. Pediatr Nephrol 19:966–971

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaili K, Hall M, Piepsz A, Alexander M, Schulman C, Avni FE (2005) Insights into the pathogenesis and natural history of fetuses with renal pelvis dilatation. Eur Urol 48:207–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismaili K, Hall M, Piepsz A, Wissing KM, Collier F, Schulman C et al (2006) Primary vesicoureteral reflux detected in neonates with a history of fetal renal pelvis dilatation: a prospective clinical and imaging study. J Pediatr 148:222–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jadeja S, Smyth I, Pitera JE, Taylor MS, van Haelst M, Bentley E et al (2005) Identification of a new gene mutated in Fraser syndrome and mouse myelencephalic blebs. Nat Genet 37:520–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaureguizar E, Lopez Pereira P, Martinez Urrutia MJ, Espinosa L, Lobato R (2000) Does neonatal pyeloureterostomy worsen bladder function in children with posterior urethral valves? J Urol 164:1031–1033. discussion 1033–1034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Je BK, Kim HK, Horn PS (2015) Incidence and spectrum of renal complications and extrarenal diseases and syndromes in 380 children and young adults with horseshoe kidney. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205:1306–1314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins D, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Malcolm S, Hu CC, Allison J, Winyard PJ et al (2005) De novo Uroplakin IIIa heterozygous mutations cause human renal adysplasia leading to severe kidney failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2141–2149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph VT (2006) The management of renal conditions in the perinatal period. Early Hum Dev 82:313–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalfa N, Philibert P, Sultan C (2009) Is hypospadias a genetic, endocrine or environmental disease, or still an unexplained malformation? Int J Androl 32:187–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kari JA, Gonzalez C, Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Rees L (2000) Outcome and growth of infants with severe chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 57:1681–1687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keevil BG, Kilpatrick ES, Nichols SP, Maylor PW (1998) Biological variation of cystatin C: implications for the assessment of glomerular filtration rate. Clin Chem 44:1535–1539

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerecuk L, Schreuder MF, Woolf AS (2008) Renal tract malformations: perspectives for nephrologists. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 4:312–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kern S, Zimmerhackl LB, Hildebrandt F, Ermisch-Omran B, Uhl M (2000) Appearance of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in magnetic resonance imaging and RARE-MR-urography. Pediatr Radiol 30:156–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen I, Neuhaus TJ, Mueller-Wiefel DE, Kemper MJ (2007) Antenatal oligohydramnios of renal origin: long-term outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:432–439

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar A, Fischer SM, Kimberling WJ, Smith RJ (2007) Branchio-oto-renal syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 143A:1671–1678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl S, Hwang DY, Dworschak GC, Hilger AC, Saisawat P, Vivante A et al (2014) Mild recessive mutations in six Fraser syndrome-related genes cause isolated congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 25:1917–1922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kovanlikaya A, Kazam J, Dunning A, Poppas D, Johnson V, Medina C et al (2014) The role of ultrasonography in predicting vesicoureteral reflux. Urology 84:1205–1210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan A, de Souza A, Konijeti R, Baskin LS (2006) The anatomy and embryology of posterior urethral valves. J Urol 175:1214–1220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Walia S, Ikpeme O, Zhang E, Paramasivam G, Agarwal S et al (2012) Postnatal outcome of prenatally diagnosed severe fetal renal pelvic dilatation. Prenat Diagn 32:519–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste M, Cai Y, Guicharnaud L, Mounier F, Dumez Y, Bouvier R et al (2006) Renal tubular dysgenesis, a not uncommon autosomal recessive disorder leading to oligohydramnios: role of the Renin-Angiotensin system. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2253–2263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert HJ, Stewart A, Gullett AM, Cordell HJ, Malcolm S, Feather SA et al (2011) Primary, nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux and nephropathy in sibling pairs: a United Kingdom cohort for a DNA bank. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:760–766

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laterza OF, Price CP, Scott MG (2002) Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate? Clin Chem 48:699–707

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavery AP, Meinzen-Derr JK, Anderson E, Ma Q, Bennett MR, Devarajan P et al (2008) Urinary NGAL in premature infants. Pediatr Res 64:423–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RS, Cendron M, Kinnamon DD, Nguyen HT (2006) Antenatal hydronephrosis as a predictor of postnatal outcome: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 118:586–593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung AK, Robson WL (2004) Current status of cryptorchidism. Adv Pediatr 51:351–377

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D (1999) A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 130:461–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levey AS, Stevens LA, Hostetter T (2006) Automatic reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate – just what the doctor ordered. Clin Chem 52:2188–2193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Marsh J, Stevens LA, Kusek JW et al (2007) Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creatinine values. Clin Chem 53:766–772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim DJ, Park JY, Kim JH, Paick SH, Oh SJ, Choi H (2003) Clinical characteristics and outcome of hydronephrosis detected by prenatal ultrasonography. J Korean Med Sci 18:859–862

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lissauer D, Morris RK, Kilby MD (2007) Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 12:464–470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu YP, Cheng SJ, Shih SL, Huang JK (2006) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: appearance on fetal MRI. Pediatr Radiol 36:169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu W, van Eerde AM, Fan X, Quintero-Rivera F, Kulkarni S, Ferguson H et al (2007) Disruption of ROBO2 is associated with urinary tract anomalies and confers risk of vesicoureteral reflux. Am J Hum Genet 80:616–632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig M, Ching B, Reutter H, Boyadjiev SA (2009) Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 85:509–522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madden-Fuentes RJ, McNamara ER, Nseyo U, Wiener JS, Routh JC, Ross SS (2014) Resolution rate of isolated low-grade hydronephrosis diagnosed within the first year of life. J Pediatr Urol 10:639–644

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mahieu-Caputo D, Dommergues M, Delezoide AL, Lacoste M, Cai Y, Narcy F et al (2000) Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Role of the fetal renin-angiotensin system. Am J Pathol 156:629–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelia A, Bajpai M, Agarwala S, Gupta AK, Kumar R, Ali A (2013) The role of urinary TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-6 and microalbuminuria for monitoring therapy in posterior urethral valves. Pediatr Nephrol 28:1991–2001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marra G, Barbieri G, Moioli C, Assael BM, Grumieri G, Caccamo ML (1994) Mild fetal hydronephrosis indicating vesicoureteric reflux. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 70:F147–F149. discussion 149–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez JM, Masoller N, Devlieger R, Passchyn E, Gómez O, Rodo J et al (2015) Laser ablation of posterior urethral valves by fetal cystoscopy. Fetal Diagn Ther 37:267–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Frías ML, Bermejo E, Rodríguez-Pinilla E, Frías JL (2001) Exstrophy of the cloaca and exstrophy of the bladder: two different expressions of a primary developmental field defect. Am J Med Genet 99:261–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martini S, Prévot A, Mosig D, Werner D, van Melle G, Guignard JP (2003) Glomerular filtration rate: measure creatinine and height rather than cystatin C! Acta Paediatr 92:1052–1057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsell DG, Bennett T, Goodyer P, Goodyer C, Han VK (1996) The pathogenesis of multicystic dysplastic kidney disease: insights from the study of fetal kidneys. Lab Invest 74:883–893

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor L, Makela V, Darling SM, Vrontou S, Chalepakis G, Roberts C et al (2003) Fraser syndrome and mouse blebbed phenotype caused by mutations in FRAS1/Fras1 encoding a putative extracellular matrix protein. Nat Genet 34:203–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG et al (2007) Acute kidney injury network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 11:R31

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meinhardt U, Ammann RA, Flück C, Diem P, Mullis PE (2003) Microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus: efficacy of a new screening method in comparison with timed overnight urine collection. J Diabetes Complications 17:254–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn C (2004) Functional obstruction: the renal pelvis rules. J Clin Invest 113:957–959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mercier K, McRitchie S, Pathmasiri W, Novokhatny A, Koralkar R, Askenazi D et al (2017) Preterm neonatal urinary renal developmental and acute kidney injury metabolomic profiling: an exploratory study. Pediatr Nephrol 32:151–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merlini E, Lelli CP (2004) Obstructive ureterocele-an ongoing challenge. World J Urol 22:107–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller WG, Myers GL, Ashwood ER, Killeen AA, Wang E, Thienpont LM et al (2005) Creatinine measurement: state of the art in accuracy and interlaboratory harmonization. Arch Pathol Lab Med 129:297–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A (2007) Renal agenesis: report of an interesting case. Br J Radiol 80:e167–e169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell ME, Close CE (1996) Early primary valve ablation for posterior urethral valves. Semin Pediatr Surg 5:66–71

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen CE, Viberti GC, Peheim E, Kutter D, Hasslacher C, Hofmann W et al (1997) Multicenter evaluation of the Micral-test II test strip, an immunologic rapid test for the detection of microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 20:1642–1646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molitoris BA, Melnikov VY, Okusa MD, Himmelfarb J (2008) Technology insight: biomarker development in acute kidney injury – what can we anticipate? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 4:154–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, Fregonese F, Toffolo A, Gobber D et al (2008) Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 122:1064–1071

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori K, Lee HT, Rapoport D, Drexler IR, Foster K, Yang J et al (2005) Endocytic delivery of lipocalin-siderophore-iron complex rescues the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 115:610–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moriguchi T, Hamada M, Morito N, Terunuma T, Hasegawa K, Zhang C et al (2006) MafB is essential for renal development and F4/80 expression in macrophages. Mol Cell Biol 26:5715–5727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mourtzinos A, Borer JG (2004) Current management of bladder exstrophy. Curr Urol Rep 5:137–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muramatsu Y, Tsujie M, Kohda Y, Pham B, Perantoni AO, Zhao H et al (2002) Early detection of cysteine rich protein 61 (CYR61, CCN1) in urine following renal ischemic reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 62:1601–1610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murawski IJ, Gupta IR (2006) Vesicoureteric reflux and renal malformations: a developmental problem. Clin Genet 69:105–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muroya K, Hasegawa T, Ito Y, Nagai T, Isotani H, Iwata Y et al (2001) GATA3 abnormalities and the phenotypic spectrum of HDR syndrome. J Med Genet 38:374–380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mussap M, Plebani M (2004) Biochemistry and clinical role of human cystatin C. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 41:467–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mussap M, Noto A, Fanos V, Van Den Anker JN (2014) Emerging biomarkers and metabolomics for assessing toxic nephropathy and acute kidney injury (AKI) in neonatology. Biomed Res Int 2014:602526

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Myers GL, Miller WG, Coresh J, Fleming J, Greenberg N, Greene T et al (2006) Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program. Clin Chem 52:5–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narchi H (2005) Risk of hypertension with multicystic kidney disease: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 90:921–924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • National Kidney Foundation (2002) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Neild GH, Dakmish A, Wood S, Nauth-Misir R, Woodhouse CR (2004) Renal transplantation in adults with abnormal bladders. Transplantation 77:1123–1127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nepple KG, Cooper CS, Austin JC (2009) Rare variant of bladder exstrophy associated with urethral, bladder, and colonic duplication. Urology 73:928.e921–928.e923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishi T (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in utero. J Obstet Gynaecol (Tokyo 1995) 21:471–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura H, Yerkes E, Hohenfellner K, Miyazaki Y, Ma J, Hunley TE et al (1999) Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor gene in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT, of mice and men. Mol Cell 3:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novljan G, Kenig A, Rus R, Kenda RB (2003) Cyclic voiding urosonography in detecting vesicoureteral reflux in children. Pediatr Nephrol 18:992–995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onen A (2007) Treatment and outcome of prenatally detected newborn hydronephrosis. J Pediatr Urol 3:469–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Riordan E, Gross SS, Goligorsky MS (2006) Technology insight: renal proteomics – at the crossroads between promise and problems. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2:445–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer LS, Andros GJ, Maizels M, Kaplan WE, Firlit CF (1997) Management considerations for treating vesicoureteral reflux in children with solitary kidneys. Urology 49:604–608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panteghini M, Division IS (2008) Enzymatic assays for creatinine: time for action. Clin Chem Lab Med 46:567–572

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panteghini M, Myers GL, Miller WG, Greenberg N, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Working Group on Standardization of Glomerular Filtration Rate Assessment (WG-GFRA) (2006) The importance of metrological traceability on the validity of creatinine measurement as an index of renal function. Clin Chem Lab Med 44:1287–1292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh CR, Jani A, Melnikov VY, Faubel S, Edelstein CL (2004) Urinary interleukin-18 is a marker of human acute tubular necrosis. Am J Kidney Dis 43:405–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh CR, Abraham E, Ancukiewicz M, Edelstein CL (2005) Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:3046–3052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Dursun B, Ma Q, Kelly C et al (2006a) Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 70:199–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh CR, Jani A, Mishra J, Ma Q, Kelly C, Barasch J et al (2006b) Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 6:1639–1645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons M, Newman DJ, Pugia M, Newall RG, Price CP (1999) Performance of a reagent strip device for quantitation of the urine albumin: creatinine ratio in a point of care setting. Clin Nephrol 51:220–227

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pates JA, Dashe JS (2006) Prenatal diagnosis and management of hydronephrosis. Early Hum Dev 82:3–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penido Silva JM, Oliveira EA, Diniz JS, Bouzada MC, Vergara RM, Souza BC (2006) Clinical course of prenatally detected primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 21:86–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penna FJ, Bowlin P, Alyami F, Bägli DJ, Koyle MA, Lorenzo AJ (2015) Novel strategy for temporary decompression of the lower urinary tract in neonates using a ureteral stent. J Urol 194:1086–1090

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piepsz A (2007) Antenatally detected hydronephrosis. Semin Nucl Med 37:249–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pisitkun T, Johnstone R, Knepper MA (2006) Discovery of urinary biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 5:1760–1771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plaire JC, Pope JC, Kropp BP, Adams MC, Keating MA, Rink RC et al (1997) Management of ectopic ureters: experience with the upper tract approach. J Urol 158:1245–1247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plazanet C, Arrondel C, Chavant F, Gubler MC (2014) Fetal renin-angiotensin-system blockade syndrome: renal lesions. Pediatr Nephrol 29:1221–1230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pouilhe M, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Desmarquet-Trin Dinh C, Charnay P (2007) Direct regulation of vHnf1 by retinoic acid signaling and MAF-related factors in the neural tube. Dev Biol 309:344–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poutamo J, Vanninen R, Partanen K, Kirkinen P (2000) Diagnosing fetal urinary tract abnormalities: benefits of MRI compared to ultrasonography. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79:65–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puddu M, Fanos V, Podda F, Zaffanello M (2009) The kidney from prenatal to adult life: perinatal programming and reduction of number of nephrons during development. Am J Nephrol 30:162–170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puri A, Grover VP, Agarwala S, Mitra DK, Bhatnagar V (2002) Initial surgical treatment as a determinant of bladder dysfunction in posterior urethral valves. Pediatr Surg Int 18:438–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quadri SM, Segall L, de Perrot M, Han B, Edwards V, Jones N et al (2005) Caspase inhibition improves ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 5:292–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quan A (2006) Fetopathy associated with exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists. Early Hum Dev 82:23–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan J, Lemire M, Hudson T, Qu H, Benjamin A, Roy A et al (2007) A common variant of the PAX2 gene is associated with reduced newborn kidney size. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1915–1921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quintero RA, Shukla AR, Homsy YL, Bukkapatnam R (2000) Successful in utero endoscopic ablation of posterior urethral valves: a new dimension in fetal urology. Urology 55:774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramasamy R, Haviland M, Woodard JR, Barone JG (2005) Patterns of inheritance in familial prune belly syndrome. Urology 65:1227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ransley PG, Dhillon HK, Gordon I, Duffy PG, Dillon MJ, Barratt TM (1990) The postnatal management of hydronephrosis diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound. J Urol 144:584–587. discussion 593–584

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reardon W, Casserly LF, Birkenhäger R, Kohlhase J (2007) Kidney failure in Townes-Brocks syndrome: an under recognized phenomenon? Am J Med Genet A 143A:2588–2591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2004) Assessment and management of newborn hydronephrosis. World J Urol 22:73–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risdon RA, Yeung CK, Ransley PG (1993) Reflux nephropathy in children submitted to unilateral nephrectomy: a clinicopathological study. Clin Nephrol 40:308–314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez MM, Gómez AH, Abitbol CL, Chandar JJ, Duara S, Zilleruelo GE (2004) Histomorphometric analysis of postnatal glomerulogenesis in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Dev Pathol 7:17–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenwolf P, Ziesel C, Beetz R, Kamal MM, Thüroff JW, Stein R (2015) Presentation, management and long-term outcome of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in duplex kidneys. J Urol 194:427–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Jacobsen SJ, Cosio FG (2004) Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 141:929–937

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salomon R, Tellier AL, Attie-Bitach T, Amiel J, Vekemans M, Lyonnet S et al (2001) PAX2 mutations in oligomeganephronia. Kidney Int 59:457–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanna-Cherchi S, Caridi G, Weng PL, Dagnino M, Seri M, Konka A et al (2007) Localization of a gene for nonsyndromic renal hypodysplasia to chromosome 1p32-33. Am J Hum Genet 80:539–549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sarhan O, Zaccaria I, Macher MA, Muller F, Vuillard E, Delezoide AL et al (2008) Long-term outcome of prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: single center study of 65 cases managed by primary valve ablation. J Urol 179:307–312. discussion 312–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GJ, Furth SL (2007) Glomerular filtration rate measurement and estimation in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1839–1848

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelmann CM, Spitzer A (1976) A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics 58:259–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GJ, Muñoz A, Schneider MF, Mak RH, Kaskel F, Warady BA et al (2009) New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:629–637

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz C, Hauser P, Steininger R, Regele H, Heinze G, Mayer G et al (2002) Failure of BCL-2 up-regulation in proximal tubular epithelial cells of donor kidney biopsy specimens is associated with apoptosis and delayed graft function. Lab Invest 82:941–948

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serafini-Cessi F, Malagolini N, Cavallone D (2003) Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: biology and clinical relevance. Am J Kidney Dis 42:658–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sfakianakis GN, Sfakianaki E (2001) Renal scintigraphy in infants and children. Urology 57:1167–1177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharifian M, Dadkhah-Chimeh M, Einollahi B, Nafar M, Simforoush N, Basiri A et al (2007) Renal transplantation in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Arch Iran Med 10:339–342

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma R, Sanchez-Ferras O, Bouchard M (2015) Pax genes in renal development, disease and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 44:97–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shenoy MU, Rance CH (1999) Is there a place for the insertion of a JJ stent as a temporizing procedure for symptomatic partial congenital vesico-ureteric junction obstruction in infancy? BJU Int 84:524–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheu JC, Koh CC, Chang PY, Wang NL, Tsai JD, Tsai TC (2006) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children: 10 years’ experience in one institution. Pediatr Surg Int 22:519–523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla AR, Cooper J, Patel RP, Carr MC, Canning DA, Zderic SA et al (2005) Prenatally detected primary megaureter: a role for extended followup. J Urol 173:1353–1356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu G, Beyene J, Rosenblum ND (2006) Outcome of isolated antenatal hydronephrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 21:218–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slickers JE, Olshan AF, Siega-Riz AM, Honein MA, Aylsworth AS, National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2008) Maternal body mass index and lifestyle exposures and the risk of bilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia: the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am J Epidemiol 168:1259–1267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soliman SM (2009) Primary ablation of posterior urethral valves in low birth weight neonates by a visually guided fogarty embolectomy catheter. J Urol 181:2284–2289. discussion 2289–2290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soomro NA, Neal DE (1998) Treatment of hypospadias: an update of current practice. Hosp Med 59:553–556

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl DA, Koul HK, Chacko JK, Mingin GC (2006) Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT): a current review of cell signaling processes in ureteral development. J Pediatr Urol 2:2–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS (2006) Assessing kidney function – measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 354:2473–2483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sudarsanan B, Nasir AA, Puzhankara R, Kedari PM, Unnithan GR, Damisetti KR (2009) Posterior urethral valves: a single center experience over 7 years. Pediatr Surg Int 25:283–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarabishi R, Zahedi K, Mishra J, Ma Q, Kelly C, Tehrani K et al (2005) Induction of Zf9 in the kidney following early ischemia/reperfusion. Kidney Int 68:1511–1519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tenstad O, Roald AB, Grubb A, Aukland K (1996) Renal handling of radiolabelled human cystatin C in the rat. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56:409–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thakar CV, Zahedi K, Revelo MP, Wang Z, Burnham CE, Barone S et al (2005) Identification of thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) as a novel mediator of cell injury in kidney ischemia. J Clin Invest 115:3451–3459

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas DF (2008) Prenatally diagnosed urinary tract abnormalities: long-term outcome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 13:189–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiryaki S, Alkac AY, Serdaroglu E, Bak M, Avanoglu A, Ulman I (2013) Involution of multicystic dysplastic kidney: is it predictable? J Pediatr Urol 9:344–347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin JL, Beales PL (2007) Bardet-Biedl syndrome: beyond the cilium. Pediatr Nephrol 22:926–936

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson PA, Dalton RN, Hartley B, Haycock GB, Chantler C (1997) Low molecular weight protein excretion in glomerular disease: a comparative analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 11:285–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trachtman H, Christen E, Cnaan A, Patrick J, Mai V, Mishra J et al (2006) Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalcin in D+HUS: a novel marker of renal injury. Pediatr Nephrol 21:989–994

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai JD, Huang CT, Lin PY, Chang JH, Lee MD, Huang FY et al (2012) Screening high-grade vesicoureteral reflux in young infants with a febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 27:955–963

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsatsaris V, Gagnadoux MF, Aubry MC, Gubler MC, Dumez Y, Dommergues M (2002) Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral isolated fetal hyperechogenic kidneys. Is it possible to predict long term outcome? BJOG 109:1388–1393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulinski T, Lescure S, Beaufils S, Guigonis V, Decramer S, Morin D et al (2006) Renal phenotypes related to hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (TCF2) mutations in a pediatric cohort. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:497–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya VS, Waikar SS, Ferguson MA, Collings FB, Sunderland K, Gioules C et al (2008) Urinary biomarkers for sensitive and specific detection of acute kidney injury in humans. Clin Transl Sci 1:200–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Valente EM, Brancati F, Silhavy JL, Castori M, Marsh SE, Barrano G et al (2006) AHI1 gene mutations cause specific forms of Joubert syndrome-related disorders. Ann Neurol 59:527–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vujic A, Kosutic J, Bogdanovic R, Prijic S, Milicic B, Igrutinovic Z (2007) Sonographic assessment of normal kidney dimensions in the first year of life – a study of 992 healthy infants. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1143–1150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Hsieh S, Grady R, Mueller BA (2007) Antenatal hydronephrosis and the risk of pyelonephritis hospitalization during the first year of life. Urology 69:970–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Zahedi K, Barone S, Tehrani K, Rabb H, Matlin K et al (2004) Overexpression of SSAT in kidney cells recapitulates various phenotypic aspects of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1844–1852

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb NJ, Lewis MA, Bruce J, Gough DC, Ladusans EJ, Thomson AP et al (1997) Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: the case for nephrectomy. Arch Dis Child 76:31–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weber S, Moriniere V, Knüppel T, Charbit M, Dusek J, Ghiggeri GM et al (2006) Prevalence of mutations in renal developmental genes in children with renal hypodysplasia: results of the ESCAPE study. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2864–2870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weizer AZ, Silverstein AD, Auge BK, Delvecchio FC, Raj G, Albala DM et al (2003) Determining the incidence of horseshoe kidney from radiographic data at a single institution. J Urol 170:1722–1726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler DM, Vimalachandra D, Hodson EM, Roy LP, Smith GH, Craig JC (2004) Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 15:CD001532

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler DS, Devarajan P, Ma Q, Harmon K, Monaco M, Cvijanovich N et al (2008) Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill children with septic shock. Crit Care Med 36:1297–1303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whittam BM, Calaway A, Szymanski KM, Carroll AE, Misseri R, Kaefer M et al (2014) Ultrasound diagnosis of multicystic dysplastic kidney: is a confirmatory nuclear medicine scan necessary? J Pediatr Urol 10:1059–1062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitten SM, Wilcox DT (2001) Duplex systems. Prenat Diagn 21:952–957

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wickstrom EA, Thangavelu M, Parilla BV, Tamura RK, Sabbagha RE (1996) A prospective study of the association between isolated fetal pyelectasis and chromosomal abnormality. Obstet Gynecol 88:379–382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesel A, Queisser-Luft A, Clementi M, Bianca S, Stoll C, EUROSCAN Study Group (2005) Prenatal detection of congenital renal malformations by fetal ultrasonographic examination: an analysis of 709,030 births in 12 European countries. Eur J Med Genet 48:131–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson PD (2004) Polycystic kidney disease: new understanding in the pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:1868–1873

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winding L, Loane M, Wellesley D, Addor MC, Arriola L, Bakker MK et al (2014) Prenatal diagnosis and epidemiology of multicystic kidney dysplasia in Europe. Prenat Diagn 34:1093–1098

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winyard P, Chitty LS (2008) Dysplastic kidneys. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 13:142–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winyard PJ, Nauta J, Lirenman DS, Hardman P, Sams VR, Risdon RA et al (1996) Deregulation of cell survival in cystic and dysplastic renal development. Kidney Int 49:135–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winyard PJ, Bharucha T, De Bruyn R, Dillon MJ, van’t Hoff W, Trompeter RS et al (2006) Perinatal renal venous thrombosis: presenting renal length predicts outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 91:F273–F278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward M, Frank D (2002) Postnatal management of antenatal hydronephrosis. BJU Int 89:149–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf AS (2006) Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. Kidney Int 69:190–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf AS (2008) Perspectives on human perinatal renal tract disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 13:196–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf AS, Hillman KA (2007) Unilateral renal agenesis and the congenital solitary functioning kidney: developmental, genetic and clinical perspectives. BJU Int 99:17–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf A, Jenkins D (2006) Development of the kidney. In: Jennette JCOJ, Schwartz MM, Silva FG (eds) Heptinstall’s pathology of the kidney. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 71–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK, Gordon I, Duffy PG, Ransley PG (1997) The characteristics of primary vesico-ureteric reflux in male and female infants with pre-natal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol 80:319–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Wikström S (2004a) Outcome of patients with antenatally detected pelviureteric junction obstruction. Pediatr Nephrol 19:880–887

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Wikström S (2004b) Prognostic factors of posterior urethral valves and the role of antenatal detection. Pediatr Nephrol 19:874–879

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Cecchetto M, Fedrizzi M, Fanos V (2008a) Renal involvement in children with vesicoureteral reflux: are prenatal detection and surgical approaches preventive? Scand J Urol Nephrol 42:330–336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaffanello M, Cecchetto M, Brugnara M, Martone E, Zuffante M, Fedrizzi M et al (2008b) Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction and renal function after pyeloplasty: a retrospective study in 29 children. Minerva Urol Nefrol 60:1–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaffanello M, Franchini M, Fanos V (2008c) New therapeutic strategies with combined renin-angiotensin system inhibitors for pediatric nephropathy. Pharmacotherapy 28:125–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Zuffante M, Franchini M, Fanos V (2009a) Are children with congenital solitary kidney at risk for lifelong complications? A lack of prediction demands caution. Int Urol Nephrol 41:127–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Cecchetto M, Manfredi R, Zuffante M, Fanos V (2009b) Paediatric unilateral giant hydroureteronephrosis from idiopathic ureterovesical stricture: a case report. BMJ Case Rep 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Zagar I, Anderson PJ, Gordon I (2002) The value of radionuclide studies in children with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Clin Nucl Med 27:339–344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahedi K, Wang Z, Barone S, Prada AE, Kelly CN, Casero RA et al (2003) Expression of SSAT, a novel biomarker of tubular cell damage, increases in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284:F1046–F1055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zappitelli M, Joseph L, Gupta IR, Bell L, Paradis G (2007) Validation of child serum creatinine-based prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate. Pediatr Nephrol 22:272–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zerhouni E (2003) Medicine. The NIH roadmap. Science 302:63–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang PL, Peters CA, Rosen S (2000) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: morphological and clinical studies. Pediatr Nephrol 14:820–826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, Yuen PS, Pisitkun T, Gonzales PA, Yasuda H, Dear JW et al (2006) Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery. Kidney Int 69:1471–1476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, AOU and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Vassilios Fanos

  2. Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences Pediatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Marco Zaffanello

  3. Laboratory Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy

    Michele Mussap

  4. Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Marco Zaffanello

  5. Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Marco Zaffanello

Authors
  1. Vassilios Fanos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marco Zaffanello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michele Mussap
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vassilios Fanos .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Giuseppe Buonocore

  2. Department of Pediatrics Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Rodolfo Bracci

  3. Liverpool Women’s Hospital Neonatal Unit, Liverpool, UK

    Michael Weindling

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Fanos, V., Zaffanello, M., Mussap, M. (2018). Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal and Urinary Tract Malformations in Newborns. In: Buonocore, G., Bracci, R., Weindling, M. (eds) Neonatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_263

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_263

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29487-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29489-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation