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Neonatology pp 1619–1639Cite as

Inflammatory Mediators in Neonatal Asphyxia and Infection

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Abstract

Inflammatory mediators, such as inflammatory cytokines, are closely associated with neonatal diseases, including neonatal asphyxia (NA) and infection. The pathophysiology of NA may be mainly responsible for ischemia-reperfusion injuries, leading to the damage of tissue and organs via the production of aberrant inflammatory mediators, including cytokines. Excessive cytokine production may be associated with the activation of innate immunity, leading to further exacerbation of NA. In addition, pathogenic organisms can induce an acute/excessive inflammatory response through phagocyte activation with cytokine storm. Thus, these unbalanced immunological responses may induce inflammation and tissue damage in NA and infection. Furthermore, to compensate for cytokine imbalance, anti-inflammatory cytokines may be induced. Possible causes include the fact that preterm and term neonates are susceptible to NA and infection due to their lack of an adequate immune system. Therefore, given such a milieu, proper balanced cytokine production may influence the outcome of patients with NA and infection. From these aspects, we describe the relationships between inflammatory mediators in NA and infection in this chapter.

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Abbreviations

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

APPs:

Antimicrobial proteins and peptides

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BPIs:

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing proteins

CAM:

Chorioamnionitis

CARS:

Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome

CNS:

Central nervous system

CRP:

C-reactive protein

DAMPs:

Damage-associated with molecular patterns

Epo:

Erythropoietin

FIRS:

Fetus inflammatory response syndrome

G-CSF:

Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HMGB1 protein:

High-mobility group box 1 protein

IFN:

Interferon

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IL:

Interleukin

MARS:

Mixed anti-inflammatory response syndrome

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MIP:

Macrophage inflammatory protein

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

NA:

Neonatal asphyxia

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-B

NO:

Nitric oxide

PG:

Prostaglandins

PRRs:

Pattern recognition receptors

RANTES:

Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SIRS:

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TREM-1:

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neonatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Kaoru Okazaki & Akira Nishida

  2. Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

    Hirokazu Kimura

Authors
  1. Kaoru Okazaki
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  2. Akira Nishida
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  3. Hirokazu Kimura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaoru Okazaki .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Giuseppe Buonocore

  2. Department of Pediatrics Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Rodolfo Bracci

  3. Liverpool Women’s Hospital Neonatal Unit, Liverpool, UK

    Michael Weindling

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  1. Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, USA

    Robert D. Christensen

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Okazaki, K., Nishida, A., Kimura, H. (2018). Inflammatory Mediators in Neonatal Asphyxia and Infection. In: Buonocore, G., Bracci, R., Weindling, M. (eds) Neonatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_248

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