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WTE: Combustion Phenomena on Moving Grate

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Recovery of Materials and Energy from Urban Wastes
  • Originally published in
  • R. A. Meyers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2018

Glossary

AD:

Anaerobic digestion

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

CHP:

Combined heat and power

CHP/DHC:

Combined heat and power/district heating and cooling

CV:

Calorific value

DEFRA:

Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs

DHC:

District heating and cooling

DVC:

Depolymerization-vaporization-cross-linking model

EfW:

Energy-from-waste

EU:

European Union

FG:

Functional group

FG-DVC:

Functional group model and a depolymerization-vaporization-cross-linking model

GJ:

Gigajoule

kWh:

Kilowatt hours

kWh:

Kilowatt heat

MBT:

Mechanical biological treatment

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

MRF:

Material recovery facility

MW:

Megawatt

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOx:

Nitrogen oxides

PCDD/Fs:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and furans

RDF:

Refuse-derived fuel

ROC:

Renewable Obligation Certificate

SRF:

Solid-recovered fuel

TEQ:

Toxic equivalent

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

WID:

Waste WTE directive

WTE:

Waste-to-energy

Definition of the Subject

Historically, waste materials from cities were simply dumped...

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Abbreviations

A :

Particle surface area, m2m−3

Ar :

Pre-exponent factor in char burning rate, kgm−2s−1

Av :

Pre-exponent factor in devolatilization rate, s−1

C :

Constant; molar fractions of species

C fuel :

Fuel concentration, kgm−3

C pg :

Specific heat capacity of the gas mixture, Jkg−1K−1

C mix :

Mixing rate constant, 0.5

C w,g :

Moisture mass fraction in the gas phase

C w,s :

Moisture mass fraction at the solid surface

D ig :

Dispersion coefficients of the species Y i, m2s−1

d p :

Particle diameter, m

E b :

Black body emission, Wm−2

E r :

Activation energy in char burning rate, Jkmol−1

Ev :

Activation energy in devolatilization rate, Jkmol−1

E0:

Effective diffusion coefficient

H evp :

Evaporation heat of the solid material, Jkg−1

H g :

Gas enthalpy, Jkg−1

H s :

Solid-phase enthalpy, Jkg−1

h s :

Convective mass transfer coefficient between solid and gas, kgm−2s−1

hs ′ :

Convective heat transfer coefficient between solid and gas, Wm−2K−1

Ix+ :

Radiation flux in positive x direction, Wm−2

Ix − :

Radiation flux in negative x direction, Wm−2

k a :

Radiation absorption coefficient, m−1

k d :

Rate constants of char burning due to diffusion, kgm−2s−1

k r :

Rate constants of char burning due to chemical kinetics, kgm−2s−1

k v :

Rate constant of devolatilization, s−1

k s :

Radiation scattering coefficient, m−1

p g :

Gas pressure, Pa

Q h :

Heat loss/gain of the gases, Wm−3

Qsh:

Thermal source term for solid phase, Wm−3

q r :

Radiative heat flux, Wm−2

R :

Universal gas constant; process rate, kgm−3s−1

R mix :

Mixing rate of gaseous phase in the bed, kgm−3s−1

S :

Stoichiometric coefficients in reactions

S sg :

Conversion rate from solid to gases due to evaporation, devolatilization, and char burning, kgm−3s−1

Sy ig :

Mass sources due to evaporation, devolatilization, and combustion, kgm−3s−1

Sy is :

Source term, kgm−3s−1

t :

Time instant, s

T :

Temperature, K

U :

x velocity, ms−1

V :

y velocity, ms−1

VM:

Volatile matter in fuel, wt%

x :

Coordinate in bed forward-moving direction, m

y :

Coordinate in bed height direction, m

Y ig :

Mass fractions of individual species (e.g., H2, H2O, CO, CO2, CmHn, etc.)

Y is :

Mass fractions of particle compositions (moisture, volatile, fixed carbon, and ash)

ε s :

System emissivity

σ b :

Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.86 × 10−8 Wm−2K−4

Ï… :

Remaining volatile in solid at time, t

υ∞ :

Ultimate yield of volatile

Φ:

Void fraction in the bed

λ g :

Thermal dispersion coefficient, Wm−1K−1

λ g 0 :

Effective thermal diffusion coefficient, Wm−1K−1

λ s :

Effective thermal conductivity of the solid bed, Wm−1K−1

env:

Environmental

g:

Gas phase

i:

Identifier for a component in the solid

p:

Particle

s:

Solid phase

Bibliography

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  3. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (2007) Municipal waste management statistics. London. Available from http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/wastets/index.htm

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy and Environmental Engineering (EEE), Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK

    J. Switenbank & V. Sharifi

  2. EEE Group, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK

    V. Sharifi

Authors
  1. J. Switenbank
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  2. V. Sharifi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Switenbank .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Nickolas J. Themelis

  2. Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    A.C. (Thanos) Bourtsalas

Section Editor information

  1. Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Athanasios C. Bourtsalas

  2. Columbia University, Earth and Environmental Engineering, New York, NY, USA

    Nickolas Themelis

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Switenbank, J., Sharifi, V. (2019). WTE: Combustion Phenomena on Moving Grate. In: Themelis, N., Bourtsalas, A. (eds) Recovery of Materials and Energy from Urban Wastes. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7850-2_396

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