Hypertension

Synonyms

High blood pressure

Definition

Hypertension has been variously defined over the years. However, systolic (i.e., peak) blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg are now considered indicative of hypertension and of meriting treatment. Blood pressure ca 120/80 mmHg is deemed to be normal (normotensive). Although hypertension may be a secondary consequence of problems elsewhere, e.g., renal failure, the vast majority of cases of hypertension have no proximal and discrete cause. This is called essential hypertension and is a major focus of research in behavioral medicine. This is easy to understand given the prevalence and health consequences of hypertension. It is estimated to affect 15% and 20% of the adult population in Western countries, with worldwide prevalence being around 10%. Concern with hypertension also reflects its association with coronary heart disease and stroke; the results of many studies testify that as blood pressure rises, life expectancy...