Abstract
Diseases with a genetic basis can be modeled with knockout, knock-in, and conditional mutant gene-targeted mice. In the following, we provide detailed protocols for gene targeting. Gene targeting of embryonic stem cells can be accomplished by laboratories equipped for tissue culture. Alternatively, many gene-targeting services divide the work of targeting with a customer lab. In this collaborative situation, knowledge of the entire process helps ensure a successful outcome. The construction of chimeras for germ-line transmission is not described here, because this procedure is beyond the means of most laboratories, typically is provided by transgenic core facilities, and is best learned through hands-on demonstration.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Martin, G. R. (1981) Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7634–7638.
Evans, M. J. and Kaufman, M. H. (1981) Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292, 154–156.
Bradley, A., Evans, M., Kaufman, M. H., and Robertson, E. (1984) Formation of germ-line chimaeras from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell lines. Nature 309, 255–256.
Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. (1987) Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell 51, 503–512.
Doetschman, T., Gregg, R. G., Maeda, N., et al. (1987) Targeted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 330, 576–578.
Davis, J. (Ed.) (2002) Basic Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Nagy, A., Gertsenstein, M., Vintersten, K., and Behringer, R. (2003) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Hasty, P., Abuin, A., and Bradley, A. (2000) Gene targeting, principles, and practice in mammalian cells, in Gene Targeting. A Practical Approach, Vol. 212 (Joyner, A. L., ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 1–35.
Hanks, M., Wurst, W., Anson-Cartwright, L., Auerbach, A. B., and Joyner, A. L. (1995) Rescue of the En-1 mutant phenotype by replacement of En-1 with En-2. Science 269, 679–682.
Gu, H., Marth, J. D., Orban, P. C., Mossmann, H., and Rajewsky, K. (1994) Deletion of a DNA polymerase beta gene segment in T cells using cell type-specific gene targeting. Science 265, 103–106.
te Riele, H., Maandag, E. R., and Berns, A. (1992) Highly efficient gene targeting in embryonic stem cells through homologous recombination with isogenic DNA constructs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5128–5132.
Hasty, P., Rivera-Perez, J., and Bradley, A. (1991) The length of homology required for gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 5586–5591.
Meyers, E. N., Lewandoski, M., and Martin, G. R. (1998) An Fgf8 mutant allelic series generated by Cre-and Flp-mediated recombination. Nat. Genet. 18, 136–141.
Nagy, A., Moens, C., Ivanyi, E., et al. (1998) Dissecting the role of N-myc in development using a single targeting vector to generate a series of alleles. Curr. Biol. 8, 661–664.
Olson, E. N., Arnold, H. H., Rigby, P. W., and Wold, B. J. (1996) Know your neighbors: three phenotypes in null mutants of the myogenic bHLH gene MRF4. Cell 85, 1–4.
Ren, S. Y., Angrand, P. O., and Rijli, F. M. (2002) Targeted insertion results in a rhombomere 2-specific Hoxa2 knockdown and ectopic activation of Hoxa1 expression. Dev. Dyn. 225, 305–315.
Hasty, P., Rivera-Perez, J., Chang, C., and Bradley, A. (1991) Target frequency and integration pattern for insertion and replacement vectors in embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 4509–4517.
Moens, C. B., Auerbach, A. B., Conlon, R. A., Joyner, A. L., and Rossant, J. (1992) A targeted mutation reveals a role for N-myc in branching morphogenesis in the embryonic mouse lung. Genes Dev. 6, 691–704.
Chui, D., Oh-Eda, M., Liao, Y. F., et al. (1997) Alpha-mannosidase-II deficiency results in dyserythropoiesis and unveils an alternate pathway in oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Cell 90, 157–167.
Tybulewicz, V. L., Crawford, C. E., Jackson, P. K., Bronson, R. T., and Mulligan, R. C. (1991) Neonatal lethality and lymphopenia in mice with a homozygous disruption of the c-abl proto-oncogene. Cell 65, 1153–1163.
Robertson, E. J. (1987) Embryo-derived stem cell lines, in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, Vol. 212, (Robertson, E. J., ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 71–112.
Auerbach, W., Dunmore, J. H., Fairchild-Huntress, V., et al. (2000) Establishment and chimera analysis of 129/SvEv-and C57BL/6-derived mouse embryonic stem cell lines. Biotechniques 29, 1024–1032.
You, Y., Bersgtram, R., Klemm, M., Nelson, H., Jaenisch, R., and Schimenti, J. (1998) Utility of C57BL/6J x 129/SvJae embryonic stem cells for generating chromosomal deletions: tolerance to gamma radiation and microsatellite polymorphism. Mamm. Genome 9, 232–234.
Thomas, J. W., LaMantia, C., and Magnuson, T. (1998) X-ray-induced mutations in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 1114–1119.
Brook, F. A., Evans, E. P., Lord, C. J., et al. (2003) The derivation of highly germline-competent embryonic stem cells containing NOD-derived genome. Diabetes 52, 205–208.
Nagy, A., Rossant, J., Nagy, R., Abramow-Newerly, W., and Roder, J. C. (1993) Derivation of completely cell culture-derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8424–8428.
Mereau, A., Grey, L., Piquet-Pellorce, C., and Heath, J. K. (1993) Characterization of a binding protein for leukemia inhibitory factor localized in extracellular matrix. J. Cell. Biol. 122, 713–719.
Matise, M. P., Auerbach, W., and Joyner, A. L. (2000) Production of targeted embryonic stem cell clones, in Gene Targeting. A Practical Approach, Vol. 212, (Joyner, A. L., ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 101–132.
O’Gorman, S., Dagenais, N. A., Qian, M., and Marchuk, Y. (1997) Protamine-Cre recombinase transgenes efficiently recombine target sequences in the male germ line of mice, but not in embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 14,602–14,607.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
LePage, D.F., Conlon, R.A. (2006). Animal Models for Disease. In: Wang, Q.K. (eds) Cardiovascular Disease. Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol 129. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-213-0:41
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-213-0:41
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-892-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-213-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols