Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have established themselves as valuable reporter proteins in plant molecular biology. Beside general background information about spectral properties, protein structure and maturation of different commonly used FPs, this chapter provides detailed protocols about cloning of suitable expression cassettes for GFP and DsRED and detection of FPs in Arabidopsis protoplasts and plants transiently or stably expressing these constructs by fluorescence microscopy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Zhang, J., et al. 2002 Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 906–918.
Shimomura, O., Johnson, F., and Saiga, Y. (1962) Extraction, purification and properties of Aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusa, Aequorea. J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 59, 223–239.
Shimomura, O. (1979) Structure of the chromophore of Aequorea green fluorescent protein. FEBS Lett. 104, 220–222.
Cody, C., et al. 1993 Chemical structure of the hexapeptide chromophore of the Aequorea green-fluorescent protein. Biochemistry 32, 1212–1218.
Prasher, D., et al. (1992) Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein. Gene 111, 229–233.
Chalfie, M., et al. (1994) Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263, 802–805.
Inouye, S. and Tsuji, F. (1994) Aequorea green fluorescent protein: expression of the gene and fluorescence characteristics of the recombinant protein. FEBS Lett. 341, 277–280.
Siemering, K. R., et al. (1996), Mutations that suppress the thermosensitivity of green fluorescent protein. Curr. Biol. 6, 1653–1663.
Crameri, A., et al. (1996) Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling. Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 315–319.
Kimata, Y., et al. (1997) A novel mutation which enhances the fluorescence of green fluorescent protein at high temperatures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 232, 69–73.
Heim, R. and Tsien, R. (1996) Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr. Biol. 6, 178–182.
Heim, R., Cubitt, A., and Tsien, R. (1995) Improved green fluorescence. Nature 373, 663–664.
Cormack, B. P., Valdivia, R. H., and Falkow, S. (1996) Facs-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (gfp). Gene 173, 33–38.
Cubitt, A. B., et al. (1995) Understanding, improving and using green fluorescent proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 448–455.
Pollok, B. A. and Heim, R. (1999) Using GFP in FRET-based applications. Trends Cell Biol. 9, 57–60.
Yang, T. T., Cheng, L. Z., and Kain, S. R. (1996) Optimized codon usage and fluorophore mutations provide enhanced sensitivity with the green fluorescent protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 4592–4593.
Matz, M. V., et al. (1999) Fluorescent proteins from nonbioluminescent Anthozoa species. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 969–973.
Labas, Y. A., et al. (2002) Diversity and evolution of the green fluorescent protein family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 4256–4261.
Wiedenmann, J. E. A., et al. (2002) A far-red fluorescent protein with fast maturation and reduced oligomerization tendency from Entacmaea quadricolor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11,646–11,651.
Prendergast, F. G. (1999) Biophysics of the green fluorescent protein, in Methods in Cell Biology: Green Fluorescent Proteins, Sullivan, K. F. and Kay, S. A., eds. Academic Press, New York, p. 1–17.
Cubitt, A. B., Woollenweber, L. A., and Heim, R. (1999) Understanding structure-function relationships in the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein, in Methods in Cell Biology: Green Fluorescent Proteins, Sullivan, K. F. and Kay, S. A., eds. Academic Press, New York, p. 19–29.
Reid, B. G. and Flynn, G. C. (1997) Fluorophore formation in green fluorescent protein. Biochemistry 36, 6786–6791.
Baird, G. S., Zacharias, D. A., and Tsien, R. Y. (2000) Biochemistry, mutagenesis, and oligomerization of DsRed, a red fluorescent protein from coral. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11,984–11,989.
Terskikh, A., et al. (2000) “Fluorescent timer”: Protein that changes color with time. Science 290, 1585–1588.
Campbell, R. E., et al. (2002), A monomeric red fluorescent protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7877–7882.
Sambrock, J., Nicklen, S., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Reichel, C., et al. (1996) Enhanced green fluorescence by the expression of an aequorea Victoria green fluorescent protein mutant in mono-and dicotyledonous plant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5888–5893.
Jach, G., et al. (2001) Use of red fluorescent protein from Discosoma sp (dsRED) as a reporter for plant gene expression. Plant J. 28, 483–491.
Hajdukiewicz, P., Svab, Z., and Maliga, P. (1994) The small, versatile pPZP family of Agrobacterium binary vectors for plant transformation. Plant Mol. Biol. 25, 989–994.
Clough, S. J. and Bent, A. F. (1998) Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 16, 735–743.
Carrington, J. C. and Freed, D. D. (1990) Cap-independent enhancement of translation by a plant potyvirus 5′ nontranslated region. J. Virol. 64, 1590–1597.
Yanushevich, Y. G., et al. (2002) A strategy for the generation of non-aggregating mutants of Anthozoa fluorescent proteins. FEBS Lett. 511, 11–14.
Bevis, B. J. and Glick, B. S. (2002) Rapidly maturing variants of the Discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed). Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 83–87.
Haseloff, J., et al. (1997) Removal of a cryptic intron and subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein are required to mark transgenic arabidopsis plants brightly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2122–2127.
Walter, I., et al. (2000) Rapid and sensitive detection of enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in paraffin sections by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Histochem. J. 32, 99–103.
Luby-Phelbs, K., et al. (2003) Visualization of identified GFP-expressing cells by light and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51, 271–274.
Jackson, D. P. (1992) In situ hybridization in plants. In: Molecular Plant Pathology: A Practical Approach (Bowles, D. J., Gurr, S. J. and McPhereson, M., eds.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 163–174.
Tsien, R. Y. (1998) The green fluorescent protein. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 67, 509–544.
Kozak, M. (1989) The scanning model for translation: an update. J. Cell Biol. 108, 229–241.
Davis, S. J. and Vierstra, R. D. (1998) Soluble, highly fluorescent variants of green fluorescent protein (Gfp) for use in higher plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 36, 521–528.
Patterson, G. H., et al. (1997) Use of the green fluorescent protein and its mutants in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Biophys. J. 73, 2782–2790.
Heim, R. and Tsien, R. Y. (1996) Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence energy transfer. Curr. Biol. 6, 178–182.
Rizzo, M. A., et al. (2004) An improved cyan fluorescent protein variant useful for FRET. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 445–449.
Griesbeck, O., et al. (2001) Reducing the environmental sensitivity of yellow fluorescent protein—mechanism and applications. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 29,188–29,194.
Nagai, T., et al. (2002) A variant of yellow fluorescent protein with fast and efficient maturation for cell-biological applications. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 87–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Jach, G. (2006). Use of Fluorescent Proteins as Reporters. In: Salinas, J., Sanchez-Serrano, J.J. (eds) Arabidopsis Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 323. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-003-0:275
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-003-0:275
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-395-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-003-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols