Abstract
Gas chromatographic (GC) and liquid chromatographic (LC)-mass spectrometric (MS) methods have been described to analyze pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated phenols in biological samples. After addition of internal standard (ISTD), the samples are hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid to release free phenols. The mixtures are extracted using liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction, including solid-phase microextraction. The resulting samples are injected onto GC-MS or LC-MS for analysis. Selected ion monitoring with a mass spectrometer is used to detect chlorinated phenols. The linearity is obtained in a wide range, from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL, with limit of detection at low nanograms/milliliter for the GC-MS method. The LC-MS technique in negative ion detection provides good linearity and reproducibility for chlorinated phenols using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion sources. However, detection limits for the LC-MS method are higher than for the GC-MS method.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ai]1. Jensen, J. (1996) Chlorophenols in the terrestrial environment. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 146, 25–51.
Ahlborg, U. G., Lindgren, J. E., and Mercier, M. (1974) Metabolism of pentachlorophenol. Arch. Toxicol. 32, 271–281.
Ahlborg, U. G. and Thunberg, T. (1980) Chlorinated phenols: occurrence, toxicity, metabolism and environmental impact. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 7, 1–35.
Kutz, F. W. and Cook, B. T. (1992) Selected pesticide residue and metabolites in urine from a survey of the US general population. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 37, 277-291.
Schwetz, B. A., Quast, J. F., Keeler, P. A., Humiston, C. G., and Kociba, R. J.(1978) Results of 2-year toxicity and reproduction studies on pentachlorophenol in rats, in Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology (Rao, K. R., ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 301–309.
Hardell, L. and Sandstorm, A. (1979) Case-control study: soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acid or chlorophenols. Br. J. Cancer 39, 711–717.
Pearce, N. E., Smith, A. H., Howard, J. K., Sheppard, R. A., Giles, H. J., and Teague, C. A. (1986) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides, chlorophenols, fencing work, and meat work employment: a case-control study. Br. J. Ind. Med. 43, 75–83.
(1997) Sampling and Analysis Procedure for Screening of Industrial Effluents for Priority Pollutants. U.S. Environment Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
Jauregui, O., Moyano, E., and Galceran, M. T. (1997) Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of chloro-and nitrophenolic compounds in tap water and sea water. J. Chromatogr. A 787, 79–89.
Ribeiro, A. Neves, M. H., Almeida, M. F., Alves, A., and Santos, L. (2002) Direct determination of chlorophenols in landfill leachates by solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 975, 267–274.
Hanada, Y., Imaizumi, I., Kido, K., et al. (2002) Application of a pentaflurobenzyl bromide derivatization method in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of trace levels of halogenated phenols in air, water and sediment samples. Anal. Sci. 18, 655–659.
Sarrion, M. N., Santos, F. J., Moyano, E., and Galceran, M. T. (2003) Solid-phase microextraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of chlorophenols in environmental samples. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17, 39–48.
Hargesheimer, E. E. and Coutts, R. T. (1983) Selected ion mass spectrometric identification of chlorophenol residues in human urine. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 66, 13–21.
Lee, M., Yeh, Y, Hsiang, W., and Chen, C. (1998) Application of solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chlorophenols in urine. J. Chromatogr. B 707, 91–97.
Crespin, M. A., Gallego, M., and Valcarcel, M. (2002) Solid-phase extraction method for the determination of free and conjugated phenol compounds in human urine. J. Chromatogr. B 773, 89–96.
Kontsas, H., Rosenberg C., Pfaffli, P., and Jappinen, P. (1995) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of chlorophenols in the urine of sawmill workers with past use of chlorophenol-containing anti-stain agents. Analyst 120, 1745–1749.
Treble, R. G., and Thompson, T. S. (1996) Normal values for pentachlorophenol in urine samples collected from a general population. J. Anal. Toxicol. 20, 313–317.
Hovander, L., Malmberg, T., Athanasiadou, M., et al. (2002) Identification of hydroxylated PCB metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42, 105–117.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Zhang, J.Y. (2006). Analysis of Pentachlorophenol and Other Chlorinated Phenols in Biological Samples by Gas Chromatography or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. In: MartÃnez Vidal, J.L., Frenich, A.G. (eds) Pesticide Protocols. Methods in Biotechnology, vol 19. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-929-X:111
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-929-X:111
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-410-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-929-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols