Abstract
Certain forkhead (FOX) transcription factors have been shown to play an intrinsic role in controlling cell cycle progression. In particular, the FoxO subclass has been shown to regulate cell cycle entry and exit, whereas the expression and activity of FoxM 1 is important for the correct coupling of DNA synthesis to mitosis. In this chapter, I describe a method for measuring FoxO and FoxM1 transcription factor DNA binding in nuclear extracts from mammalian cells.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Carlsson, P. and Mahlapuu, M. (2002) Forkhead transcription factors: key players in development and metabolism. Dev. Biol. 250, 1–23.
Kaestner, K. H., Knochel, W., and Martinez, D. E. (2000) Unified nomenclature for the winged helix/forkhead transcription factors. Genes Dev. 14, 142–146.
Kops, G. J. P. L., Medema, R. H., Glassford, J., et al. (2002) Control of cell cycle exit and entry by protein kinase B-regulated forkhead transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22,2025–2036.
Alverez, B., Martinez-A., C., Burgering, B. M. T., and Carrera, A. C. (2001) Forkhead transcription factors contribute to execution of the mitotic programme in mammals. Nature 413, 744–747.
Korver, W., Roose, J., and Clevers, H. (1997) The winged-helix transcription factor Trident is expressed in cyclin cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 1715–1719.
Korver, W., Schilham, M. W., Moerer, P., et al. (1998) Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes lacking the winged-helix transcription factor Trident. Curr. Biol. 8, 1327–1320.
Wang, X., Kiyokawa, H., Dennewitz, M. B., and Costa, R. H. (2002) The forkhead box M1b transcription factor is essential for hepatocyte DNA replication and mitosis during mouse liver regeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16881–16886.
Hawke T. J. Jiang, N., and Garry, D. J. (2003) Absence of p21CIP rescues myogenic pro-genitor cell proliferative and regenerative capacity in Foxk1 null mice. J. Biol. Chem. 278,4015–4020.
Ogg, S., Paradis, S., Gottlieb, S., et al. (1997) The Fork head transcription factor DAF-16 transduces insulin-like metabolic and longevity signals in C. elegans. Nature 389,994–999.
Lin K, Dorman JB, Rodan A, Kenyon TC. (1997) Daf-16: an HNF-3/forkhead family member that can function to double the life-span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 278, 1319–1322.
Galini, N., Davis, R. J., Fredericks, W. J., et al. (1993) Fusion of a fork head domain gene to PAX3 in the solid tumour alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat. Genet. 5, 230–235.
Hillion, J., Le Coniat, M., Jonveaux, P., Berger, R., and Bernard, O.A. (1997) AF6q21, a novel partner of the MLL gene in t(6;11)(q21;q23), defines a forkhead transcriptional factor subfamily. Blood 90, 3714–3719.
Anderson, M. J., Viars, C. S., Czekay, S., Cavenee, W. K., and Arden, K. C. (1998) Cloning and characterization of three human forkhead genes that comprise an FKHR-like gene subfamily. Genomics 47, 187–199.
Borkhardt, A., Repp, R., Haas, O.A., Leis, T., Harbott, J., Kreuder, J., Hammermann, J., Henn, T. and Lampert, F. (1997) Cloning and characterization of AFX, the gene that fuses to MLL in acute leukemias with a t(X;11)(q13;q23). Oncogene. 14, 195–202.
Jacobs, F. M. J., van der Heide, L. P., Wijchers, P. J. E. C., Burbach, P. H., Hoekman, M. F. M., and Smidt, M. P. (2003) FoxO6, a novel member of the FoxO class of transcription factors with distinct shuttling dynamics. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 35959–35967.
Dijkers, P. F., Medema, R. H., Pals, C., et al. (2000) Forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1 modulates cytokine-dependent transcriptional regulation of p27KIP1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20,9138–9148.
Schmidt, M., Fernandezde Mattos, S., van der Horst, A., et al. (2002) Cell cycle inhibition by FoxO forkhead transcription factors involves downregulation of cyclin D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 7842–7852.
Brunet, A., Bonni, A., Zigmond, M. J., et al. (1999) Akt promotes cell survival by phos-phorylating and inhibiting a forkhead transcription factor. Cell 96, 857–868.
Burgering, B. M. T. and Kops, G. J. P. L. (2002) Cell cycle and death control: long live forkheads. Trends Biochem. Sci. 27, 352–360.
Biggs, W.H., Meisenhelder, J., Hunter, T., Cavenee, W.K. and Arden, K.C. (1999) Protein kinase B/Akt-mediated phosphorylation promotes nuclear exclusion of the winged helix transcription factor FKHR1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 742–7426.
Kops, G. J., de Ruiter, N. D., De Vries-Smits, A. M., Powell, D. R., Bos, J. L., and Burgering, B. M. (1999) Direct control of the forkhead-like transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B. Nature 398, 630–634.
Rena, G., Guo, S., Cichy, S. C., Unterman, T. G., and Cohen, P. (1999) Phosphorylation of the transcription factor forkhead family member FKHR by protein kinase B. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 17179–17183.
Brownawell, A. M., Kops, G. J., Macara, I. G., and Burgering, B. M. (2001) Inhibition of nuclear import by protein kinase B (Akt) regulates the subcellular distribution and activity of the forkhead transcription factor AFX. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 3534–3546.
Rena, G., Prescott, A. R., Guo, S., Cohen, P., and Unterman, T. G. (2001) Roles of forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma (FKHR) phosphorylation sites in regulating 14-3-3 binding, transactivation and nuclear targetting. Biochem. J. 354, 605–612.
Matsuzaki, H., Daitoku, H., Hatta, M., Tanaka, K., and Fukamizu, tA. (2003) Insulin-induced phosphorylation of FKHR (Foxo1) targets to proteasomal degradation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 11285–11290.
Plas, D. R. and Thompson, C. B. (2003) Akt activation promotes degradation of tuberin and FOXO3a via the proteasome. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 12361–12366.
Yao, K-M., Sha, M., Lu, Z., and Wong, G. G. (1997) Molecular analysis of a novel winged helix protein, WIN: expression pattern, DNA binding property, and alternative splicing within the DNA binding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19827–19836.
Ye H., Kelly T. F., Samadani YU., et al. (1997) Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork head ho-molog 11 is expressed in proliferating epithelial and mesenchymal cells of embryonic and adult tissues. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 1626-1641.
Westendorf, J. M., Rao, P. N., and Gerace, L. (1994) Cloning of cDNAs for M-phase phosphoproteins recognized by the MPM2 monoclonal antibody and determination of the phosphorylated epitope. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 714–718.
Ye, H., zHolterman, A. X., Yoo, K. W., Franks, R. R., and Costa, R. H. (1999) Premature expression of the winged helix transcription factor HFH-1 1B in regenerating mouse liver accelerates hepatocyte entry into S phase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 8570–8580.
Leung T. W. C., Lin, S. S. W., Tsang, A. C. C., et al. (2001) Over-expression of FoxM1 stimulates cyclin B1 expression. FEBS Lett. 507, 59–66.
Overdier, D. G., Porcella, A., and Costa, R. H. (1994) The DNA-binding specificity of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/forkhead domain is influenced by amino-acid residues adjacent to the recognition helix. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 2755–2766.
Pierrou, S., Hellqvist, M., Samuelsson, L., Enerback, S., and Carlsson, P. (1994) Cloning and characterization of seven human forkhead proteins: binding site specificity and DNA bending. EMBO J. 13, 5002–5012.
Kaufmann, E., Muller, D., and Knochel, W. (1995) DNA recognition site analysis of Xe-nopus winged helix proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 248, 239–254.
Bois, P. R. and Grosveld, G. C. (2003) FKHR (FOXO1a) is required for myotube fusion of primary mouse myoblasts. EMBO J. 22, 1147–1157.
Furuyama, T., Nakazawa, T., Nakano, I., and Mori, N. (2000) Identification of the differential distribution patterns of mRNAs and consensus binding sequences for mouse DAF-16 homologues. Biochem. J. 349, 629–634.
Vara, D., Bicknell, K.A., Coxon, C.H. and Brooks, G. (2003) Inhibition of E2F abrogates the development of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21388–21394.
Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kinston, R. E., et al. (eds.) (1987) Current Protocols inMolecu-lar Biology. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Dignam, J. D., Lebowvitz, R. M., and Roeder, R. G. (1983) Accurate transcription initia-tion by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 1475–1489.
Clerk, A. and Sugden, P. H. (1997) Cell stress-induced phosphorylation of ATF2 and c-Jun transcription factors in rat ventricular myocytes. Biochem. J. 325, 801–810.
Bradford, M. M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72,248–254
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Bicknell, K.A. (2005). Forkhead (FOX) Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle. In: Humphrey, T., Brooks, G. (eds) Cell Cycle Control. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 296. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-857-9:247
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-857-9:247
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-144-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-857-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols