Abstract
We describe here the cloning of full-length ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) cDNA and characterization of its activity. Full-length ATM cDNA is cloned into an inducible EBV-based vector (pMEP4) and its expression analyzed in a stably transfected cell line. ATM protein induction is monitored by immunoblotting with antibodies against both ATM and a FLAG sequence tag in the recombinant protein. Extracts from irradiated cells are immunoprecipitated with anti-ATM antibodies, and protein kinase activity is measured using p531–44-specific substrate or by immunoblotting extracts with an anti-phosphoserine 15 p53-specific antibody. Missense mutations affecting ATM kinase activity are detected using in vitro mutagenesis of ATM cDNA followed by the procedures outlined above.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Boder, E. (1985) Ataxia-telangiectasia: an overview. Kroc. Found. Ser. 19, 1–63.
Sedgwick, R. P. and Boder, E. (1991) Ataxia-telangiectasia. In: Hereditary Neuropathies and Spinocerebellar Atrophies (Vinken, P. J., Bruyn, G. W., Klawans, H. L., and Vianney de Jong, J. M. B., eds). Elsevier, New York, NY, pp. 347–423.
Lavin, M. F. and Shiloh, Y. (1997) The genetic defect in ataxia-telangiectasia. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 15, 177–202.
Gatei, M., Young, D., Cerosaletti, K. M., et al. (2000) ATM-dependent phosphorylation of nibrin in response to radiation exposure. Nat. Genet. 25, 115–119.
Zhao, S., Weng, Y. C, Yuan, S. S., et al. (2000) Functional link between ataxia-telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene products. Nature 405, 473–477.
Lim, D. S., Kim, S. T., Xu, B., et al. (2000) ATM phosphorylates p95/nbs1 in an S-phase checkpoint pathway. Nature 404, 613–617.
Cortez, D., Wang, Y., Qin, J., and Elledge, S. J. (1999) Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks. Science 286, 1162–1166.
Gatei, M., Scott, S. P., Filippovitch, I., et al. (2000) Role for ATM in DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1. Cancer Res. 60, 3299–3304.
Chen, G., Yuan, S. S., Liu, W., et al. (1999) Radiation-induced assembly of Rad51 and Rad52 recombination complex requires ATM and c-Abl. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 12,748–12,752.
Beamish, H., Kedar, P., Kaneko, H., et al. (2002) Functional link between BLM defective in Bloom’s syndrome and the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein, ATM. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30,515–30,523.
Kim, S.T., Xu, B., and Kastan, M.B. (2002) Involvement of the cohesin protein, Smc1, in Atm-dependent and independent responses to DNA damage. Genes. Dev. 16, 560–570.
Taniguchi, T., Garcia-Higuera, I., Xu B., ‘et al. (2002) Convergence of the Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia signaling pathways. Cell 109, 459–472.
Gueven, N, Keating, K. E., Chen, P., et al. (2001) Epidermal growth factor sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation by down-regulating protein mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 8884–8891.
Keating, K. E., Gueven, N, Watters, D., Rodemann, H. P., and Lavin, M. F. (2001) Transcriptional down regulation of ATM by EGF is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia cells expressing mutant protein. Oncogene 20, 4281–4290.
Bakkenist, C. J. and Kastan, M. B. (2003) DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 421, 499–506.
Kozlov, S., Gueven, N., Keating, K., Ramsay, J., and Lavin, M. F. (2003) ATP activates ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in vitro. Importance of autophosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 9309–9317.
Vousden, K. H., Crook, T, and Farrell, P. J. (1993) Biological activities of p53 mutants in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 803–810.
Sarkaria, J. N., Tibbetts, R. S., Busby, E. C, Kennedy, A. P., Hill, D. E., and Abraham, R. T. (1998) Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase related kinases by the radiosensitizing agent wortmannin. Cancer. Res. 58, 4375–4382.
Canman, C. E., Lim, D. S., Cimprich, K. A., et al. (1998) Activation of the ATM kinase by ionizing radiation and phosphorylation of p53. Science 281, 1677–1679.
Savitsky, K, Bar-Shira, A., Gilad, S., et al. (1995) A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science 268, 1749–1753.
Zhang, N., Chen, P., Khanna, K. K, et al. (1997) Isolation of full-length ATM cDNA and correction of the ataxia-telangiectasia cellular phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8021–8026.
Mücke, S. (1997) Suitability of Epstein-Barr virus-based episomal vectors for expression of cytokine genes in human lymphoma cells Gene Therapy 4, 82–92.
Van Graenenbroeck, K., Vanhoenacker, P., Duchau, H., and Haegeman, G. (2000) Molecular integrity and usefulness of episomal expression vectors derived from BK and Epstein Barr virus. Gene 253, 293–301.
Banin, S., Moyal, L., Shieh, S., et al. (1998) Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by ATM in response to DNA damage. Science 281, 1674–1677.
Ziv, Y., Banin, S., Lim, D. S., Canman, C. E., Kastan, M. B., and Shiloh, S. (2000) Expression and assay of recombinant ATM kinase. In: Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 99: Stress Response: Methods and Protocols (Keyse, S. M., ed). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 99–108.
Scott, S. P., Bendix, R., Chen, P., Clark, R., Dork, T., and Lavin, M. F. (2002) Missense mutations but not allelic variants alter the function of ATM dominant interference in patients with breast cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 925–930.
Spring, K., Ahangari, F., Scott, S. P., et al. (2002) Mice heterozygous for mutation in Atm, the gene involved in ataxia-telangiectasia, have heightened susceptibility to cancer. Nat. Genet. 32, 185–190.
Izatt, L., Greenman, J., Hodgson, S., et al. (1999) Identification of germline missense mutations and rare allelic variants in the ATM gene in early-onset breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26, 286–294.
Teraoka, S. N., Malone, K. E., Doody, D. R., et al. (2001) Increased frequency of ATM mutations in breast carcinoma patients with early onset disease and positive family history. Cancer 92, 479–487.
Dork, T., Bendix, R., Bremer, M., et al. (2001) Spectrum of ATM gene mutations in a hospital-based series of unselected breast cancer patients. Cancer. Res. 61, 7608–7615.
Chenevix-Trench, G., Spurdle, A. B., Gatei, M., et al. (2002) Dominant negative ATM mutations in breast cancer families. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 94, 205–215.
Weiner, M. P. and Costa, G. L. (1995) Rapid PCR site-directed mutagenesis, In PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual (Dieffenbach, C. W. and Dveksler, G. S., eds). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 613–621.
Scott, S. P., The, A., Peng, C, and Lavin, M. F. (2002) One-step site-directed mutagenesis of ATM cDNA in large (20 kb) plasmid constructs. Hum. Mutat. 20, 323.
Li, S. and Wilkinson, M. F. (1997) Site-directed mutagenesis: a two-step method using PCR and Dpn1. Bio Techniques 23, 558–590.
Watters, D., Kedar, P., Spring, K., et al. (1999) Localization of a portion of extranuclear ATM to peroxisomes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 34,277–34,282.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Lavin, M.F., Scott, S.P., Kozlov, S., Gueven, N. (2004). Analyzing the Regulation and Function of ATM. In: Schönthal, A.H. (eds) Checkpoint Controls and Cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 281. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-811-0:163
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-811-0:163
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-500-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-811-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols