Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant protein in vertebrates and has an essential structural role. Thus, the tensile strength of the fibrous collagens, types I, II, III, V, and XI, is fundamental to the function of bone, skin, tendons, cartilage, and blood vessel walls. Similarly, the network-forming collagens, such as types IV and VI, are key components of the extracellular matrix of endothelial and epithelial tissues. Collagens interact with cells both directly, through receptors that may modulate cell function, and indirectly, through the numerous proteins and other constituents of connective tissues that bind simultaneously to both collagen and their own specific cell surface receptors. Collagen plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes, either as a mechanical support or as an active ligand. For this reason, collagen preparations are widely used as a cell growth matrix or as a means of activating cells. The capacity of collagens of the blood vessel wall to activate platelets represents a very accessible example of this principle in operation, utilizing direct interaction with integrin α2β1 and glycoprotein (GP) VI, and indirect interaction with GPIb via von Willebrand factor. Binding sites within collagen and their complementary receptors on the cell surface or within the matrix are potential targets, as yet unexploited, for the treatment of several disease processes, such as arterial thrombosis. For this potential to be realized, each interaction must be understood in detail.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Rossi, A., Zanaboni, G., Cetta, G., and Tenni, R. (1997) Stability of type I collagen CNBr peptide trimers. J. Mol. Biol. 269, 488–493.
Emsley, J., Knight, C. G., Farndale, R. W., Barnes, M. J., and Liddington, R. C. (2000) Structural basis of collagen recognition by integrin α2β1. Cell 101, 47–56.
Consonni, R., Zetta, L., Longhi, R., Toma, L., Zanaboni, G., and Tenni, R. (2000) Conformational analysis and stability of collagen peptides by CD and by 1H-and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. Biopolymers 53, 99–111.
Knight, C. G, Morton, L. F., Onley, D. J., Peachey, A. R., Ichinohe, T., Okuma, M., et al. (1999) Collagen-platelet interaction: Gly-Pro-Hyp is uniquely specific for platelet Gp VI and mediates platelet activation by collagen. Cardiovasc. Res. 41, 450–457.
Knight, C. G, Morton, L. F., Onley, D. J., Peachey, A. R., Messent, A. J., Smethurst, P. A., et al. (1998) Identification in collagen type I of an integrin α2β1-binding site containing an essential GER sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 33,287–33,294.
Croce, K, Flaumenhaft, R., Rivers, M., Furie, B., Furie, B. C., Herman, I. M., et al. (1999) Inhibition of calpain blocks platelet secretion, aggregation, and spreading. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36,321–36,327.
Privalov, P. L. (1982) Stability of proteins. Proteins which do not present a single cooperative system. Adv. Protein Chem. 35, 1–104.
Leikina, E., Mertts, M. V., Kuznetsova, N., and Leikin, S. (2002) Type I collagen is thermally unstable at body temperature. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1314–1318.
Jenkins, C. L. and Raines, R. T. (2002) Insights on the conformational stability of collagen. Nat. Prod. Rep. 19, 49–59.
Grab, B., Miles, A. J., Furcht, L. T, and Fields, G. B. (1996) Promotion of fibroblast adhesion by triple-helical peptide models of type I collagen-derived sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12,234–12,240.
O’Neil, K. T. and DeGrado, W. F. (1990) A thermodynamic scale for the helix-forming tendencies of the commonly occurring amino acids. Science 250, 646–651.
Persikov, A. V., Ramshaw, J. A. M., Kirkpatrick, A., and Brodsky, B. (2000) Amino acid propensities for the collagen triple-helix. Biochemistry 39, 14,960–14,967.
Chan, W. C. and White, P. D. (eds.) (2000) Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Grant, G. A. (ed.) (2002) Synthetic Peptides. A User’s Guide. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press USA, New York.
Fields, C. G, Grab, B., Lauer, J. L., and Fields, G. B. (1995) Purification and analysis of synthetic, triple-helical “minicollagens” by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 231, 57–64.
Johnson, T., Quibell, M., Owen, D., and Sheppard, R. C. (1993) A reversible protecting group for the amide bond in peptides. Use in the synthesis of “difficult sequences.” J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 369–372.
Wöhr, T., Wahl, F., Nefzi, A., Rohwedder, B., Sato, T., Sun, X., et al. (1996) Pseudo-prolines as a solubilising, structure-disrupting protection technique in peptide synthesis. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 118, 9218–9227.
Johnson, T., Quibell, M., and Sheppard, R. C. (1995) N,O-bisFmoc derivatives of N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-amino acids: useful intermediates in peptide synthesis. J. Peptide Sci. 1, 11–25.
Knight, C. G., Morton, L. F., Peachey, A. R., Tuckwell, D. S., Farndale, R. W., and Barnes, M. J. (2000) The collagen-binding A-domains of integrins α1β1 and α2β1 recognize the same specific amino acid sequence, GFOGER, in native (triple-helical) collagens. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 35–40.
Achison, M., Elton, C. M., Hargreaves, P. G, Knight C. G, Barnes M. J., and Farndale R. W. (2001) Integrin-independent tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK in human platelets stimulated by collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 3167–3174.
Morton, L. F., Hargreaves, P. G., Farndale, R. W., Young, R. D., and Barnes, M. J. (1995) Integrin α2β1-independent activation of platelets by collagen: collagen tertiary (triple helical) and quaternary (polymeric) structures are sufficient alone for activity. Biochem. J. 306, 337–344.
Asselin, J., Knight, C. G, Farndale, R. W., Barnes, M. J., and Watson, S. P. (1999) The monomeric glycine-proline-hydroxyproline (GPP*)10 repeat sequence is a partial agonist of the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI. Biochem. J. 339,.413–418
Gibbins, J., Okuma, M., Farndale, R. W., Barnes, M. J., and Watson S. P. (1997) Glycoprotein VI is the collagen receptor in platelets which underlies tyrosine phosphorylation of the Fc receptor γ-chain. FEBS Lett. 413, 255–259.
Kehrel, B., Wierwille, S., Clemetson, K. J., Anders, O., Steiner, M., Knight, C. G., et al. (1998) Glycoprotein VI is a major collagen receptor, recognizing the platelet-activating quaternary structure of collagen, whereas CD36, GPIIb/IIIa and vWf do not.Blood 91, 491–499.
Merrifield, R. B. (1963). Solid phase peptide synthesis. I. The synthesis of a tetrapeptide. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149–2154.
Fields, C. G. and Fields, G. B. (1993) Minimization of tryptophan alkylation following 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl solid-phase peptide-synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett. 34, 6661–6664.
Lauer, J. L., Fields, C. G., and Fields, G. B. (1994) Sequence dependence of aspartimide formation during 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl solid-phase peptide synthesis. Lett. Peptide Sci. 1, 197–205.
Packman, L. C. (1995) N-2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl (Hmb) backbone protection prevents double aspartimide formation in a “difficult” peptide sequence. Tetrahedron Lett. 36, 7523–7526.
Karlström, A. H. and Undén, A. E. (1996) A new protecting group for aspartic acid that minimises piperidine-catalysed aspartimide formation in Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett. 37, 4243–4246.
Han, Y., Albericio, F., and Barany, G. (1997) Occurrence and minimization of cysteine racemization during stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 62, 4307–4312.
Albericio, F., Bofill, J. M., El-Faham, A., and Kates, S. A. (1998) Use of onium salt-based coupling reagents in peptide synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 63, 9678–9683.
Huang, H., and Rabenstein, D. L. (1999) A cleavage cocktail for methionine-containing peptides. J. Peptide Res. 53, 548–553.
Taboada, L., Nicolas, E., and Giralt, E. (2001). One-pot full peptide deprotection in Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis: methionine sulfoxide reduction with Bu4NBr. Tetrahedron Lett. 42, 1891–1893.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Knight, C.G., Onley, C.M., Farndale, R.W. (2004). Peptide Synthesis in the Study of Collagen-Platelet Interactions. In: Gibbins, J.M., Mahaut-Smith, M.P. (eds) Platelets and Megakaryocytes. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 273. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-783-1:349
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-783-1:349
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-011-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-783-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols