Skip to main content

Identification of Substrates for Adenosine Deaminases That Act on RNA

  • Protocol
Book cover RNA Interference, Editing, and Modification

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 265))

  • 1810 Accesses

Abstract

Adenosine deaminases that acts on RNA (ADARs) are RNA-editing enzymes that convert adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for identifying inosine-containing RNAs. Candidate ADAR substrates are identified by cleaving poly (A)+ RNA specifically after inosine and using differential display to detect cleaved molecules. To confirm the presence of inosine, each individual candidate substrate is amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the PCR product is directly sequenced. Sites that contain inosine at the RNA level appear as a mixture of adenosine and guanosine in the cDNA. The relative peak areas provide an estimate of the extent of editing at each site.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bass, B. L. (2002) RNA editing by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71, 817–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Schaub, M. and Keller, W. (2002) RNA editing by adenosine deaminases generates RNA and protein diversity. Biochimie 84, 791–803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Gerber, A. P. and Keller, W. (2001) RNA editing by base deamination: more enzymes, more targets, new mysteries. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 376–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Seeburg, P. H. (1996) The role of RNA editing in controlling glutamate receptor channel properties. J. Neurochem. 66, 1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Burns, C. M., Chu, H., Rueter, S. M., Hutchinson, L. K., Canton, H., Sanders-Bush, E., and Emeson, R. B. (1997) Regulation of serotonin-2C receptor G-protein coupling by RNA editing. Nature 387, 303–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Polson, A. G., Bass, B. L., and Casey, J. L. (1996) RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase. Nature 380, 454–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Morse, D. P. and Bass, B. L. (1999) Long RNA hairpins that contain inosine are present in Caenorhabditis elegans poly(A)+ RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 6048–6053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Morse, D. P., Aruscavage, P. J., and Bass, B. L. (2002) RNA hairpins in noncoding regions of human brain and Caenorhabditis elegans mRNA are edited by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7906–7911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brusa, R., Zimmermann, F., Koh, D. S., Feldmeyer, D., Gass, P., Seeburg, P. H., and Sprengel, R. (1995) Early-onset epilepsy and postnatal lethality associated with an editing-deficient GluR-B allele in mice. Science 270, 1677–1680.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Higuchi, M., Maas, S., Single, F. N., Hartner, J., Rozov, A., Burnashev, N., Feldmeyer, D., Sprengel, R., and Seeburg, P. H. (2000) Point mutation in an AMPA receptor gene rescues lethality in mice deficient in the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR2. Nature 406, 78–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Palladino, M. J., Keegan, L. P., O’Connell, M. A., and Reenan, R. A. (2000) A-to-I pre-mRNA editing in Drosophila is primarily involved in adult nervous system function and integrity. Cell 102, 437–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tonkin, L. A., Saccomanno, L., Morse, D. P., Brodigan, T., Krause, M., and Bass, B. L. (2002) RNA editing by ADARs is important for normal behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J. 21, 6025–6035.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang, Q., Khillan, J., Gadue, P., and Nishikura, K. (2000) Requirement of the RNA editing deaminase ADAR1 gene for embryonic erythropoiesis. Science 290, 1765–1768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Knight, S. W. and Bass, B. L. (2002) The role of RNA editing by ADARs in RNAi. Mol. Cell 10, 809–817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Paul, M. S. and Bass, B. L. (1998) Inosine exists in mRNA at tissue-specific levels and is most abundant in brain mRNA. EMBO J. 17, 1120–1127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Liang, P. and Pardee, A. B. (1992) Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257, 967–971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Morse, D. P. and Bass, B. L. (1997) Detection of inosine in messenger RNA by inosine-specific cleavage. Biochemistry 36, 8429–8434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Moore, M. J. and Sharp, P. A. (1992) Site-specific modification of pre-mRNA: the 2′-hydroxyl groups at the splice sites. Science 256, 992–997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bantle, J. A., Maxwell, I. H., and Hahn, W. E. (1976) Specificity of oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography in the isolation of polyadenylated RNA. Anal. Biochem. 72, 413–427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J. G., and Smith, J. A. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Broude, N. E. and Budowsky, E. I. (1971) The reaction of glyoxal with nucleic acid components. 3. Kinetics of the reaction with monomers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 254, 380–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Whitfeld, P. R. and Witzel, H. (1963) On the mechanism of action of Takadiastase ribonuclease T1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 72, 338–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cameron, V. and Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1977) 3′-Phosphatase activity in T4 polynucleotide kinase. Biochemistry 16, 5120–5126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Greer, C. L. and Uhlenbeck, O. C., personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Melcher, T., Maas, S., Higuchi, M., Keller, W., and Seeburg, P. H. (1995) Editing of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor GluR-B pre-mRNA in vitro reveals site-selective adenosine to inosine conversion. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 8566–8570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Polson, A. G. and Bass, B. L. (1994) Preferential selection of adenosines for modification by double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase. EMBO J. 13, 5701–5711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Herb, A., Higuchi, M., Sprengel, R., and Seeburg, P. H. (1996) Q/R site editing in kainate receptor GluR5 and GluR6 pre-mRNAs requires distant intronic sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1875–1880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Morse, D.P. (2004). Identification of Substrates for Adenosine Deaminases That Act on RNA. In: Gott, J.M. (eds) RNA Interference, Editing, and Modification. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 265. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-775-0:199

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-775-0:199

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-242-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-775-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics