Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical Analysis and Biological Removal of Wood Lipids Forming Pitch Deposits in Paper Pulp Manufacturing

  • Protocol
Environmental Microbiology

Part of the book series: Methods in Biotechnology ((MIBT,volume 16))

Abstract

Wood extractives cause production and environmental problems in pulp and paper manufacturing. The lipophilic fraction is the most problematic, and it includes free fatty acids, resin acids, waxes, fatty alcohols, sterols, sterol esters, glycerides, and other oxidized compounds (1–5). During wood pulping and refining of paper pulp, the lipophilic extractives in the parenchyma cells and softwood resin canals are released, forming colloidal pitch (6). These colloidal particles can coalesce into larger droplets that deposit in pulp or equipment, forming the so-called pitch deposits, or remain suspended in the process waters. Pitch deposition results in low-quality pulp, and can cause the shutdown of mill operations (7). Economic losses associated with pitch problems in kraft mills often amount to 1% of sales. In addition, some wood extractives could have a detrimental environmental impact when released into wastewaters. This is especially important in modern environmentally-sound pulp manufacturing processes, where chlorine bleaching has been replaced by elemental chlorine-free (ECF) or totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching (8,9).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., Martínez, M. J., and Martínez, A. T. (2001) The biotechnological control of pitch in paper pulp manufacturing. Trends Biotechnol. 19, 340–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hillis, W. E., ed. (1962) Wood Extractives. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fengel, D. and Wegener, G., eds. (1984) Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rowe, J. W., ed. (1989) Natural Products of Woody Plants. I and II. Chemicals Extraneous to the Lignocellulosic Cell Wall. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., González-Vila, F. J., and Martín, F. (1999) Chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wood. Holzforschung 53, 481–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sjöström, E., ed. (1993) Wood Chemistry. Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hillis, W. E. and Sumimoto, M. (1989) Effect of extractives on pulping, in Natural Products of Woody Plants (Rowe, J. W., ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 880–920.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Leach, J. M. and Thakore, A. N. (1976) Toxic constituents in mechanical pulping effluents. Tappi J. 59, 129–132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Liss, S. N., Bicho, P. A., and Saddler, J. N. (1997) Microbiology and biodegradation of resin acids in pulp mill effluents: a minireview. Can. J. Microbiol. 43, 599–611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Allen, L. H. (1980) Mechanisms and control of pitch deposition in newsprint mills. Tappi J. 63, 81–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hamilton, K. A. and Lloyd, J. A. (1984) Measuring the effectiveness of talc for pitch control. Appita 37, 733–740.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Allen, L. H. (1988) Pitch control during production of aspen Kraft pulp. Pulp Paper Can. 89, 87–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Allen, J., Sitholé, B. B., MacLeod, J. M., Lapointe, C., and McPhee, F. J. (1991) The importance of seasoning and debarking in the Kraft pulping of aspen. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 17, J85–J91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fujita, Y., Awaji, H., Taneda, H., Matsukura, M., Hata, K., Shimoto, H., et al. (1992) Recent advances in enzymic pitch control. Tappi J. 75, 117–122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fischer, K. and Messner, K. (1992) Reducing troublesome pitch in pulp mills by lipolytic enzymes. Tappi J. 75, 130–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Fischer, K., Puchinger, L., and Schloffer, K. (1993) Enzymatic pitch control of sulfite pulp on pilot scale. J. Biotechnol. 27, 341–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Farrell, R. L., Blanchette, R. A., Brush, T. S., Hadar, Y., Iverson, S., Krisa, K., et al. (1993) Cartapip™: a biopulping product for control of pitch and resin acid problems in pulp mills. J. Biotechnol. 30, 115–122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chen, T., Wang, Z., Gao, Y., Breuil, C., and Hatton, J. V. (1994) Wood extractives and pitch problems: analysis and partial removal by biological treatment. Appita 47, 463–466.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Evershed, R. P., Prescott, M. C., Spooner, N., and Goad, L. J. (1989) Negative ion ammonia chemical ionization and electron impact ionization mass spectrometric analysis of steryl fatty acyl esters. Steroids 53, 285–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sitholé, B. B., Sullivan, J. L., and Allen, L. H. (1992) Identification and quantitation of acetone extractives of wood and bark by ion exchange and capillary GC with a spreadsheet program. Holzforschung 46, 409–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Örså, F. and Holmbom, B. (1994) A convenient method for the determination of wood extractives in papermaking process waters and effluents. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 20, J361–J366.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lusby, W. R., Thompson, M. J., and Kochansky, J. (1984) Analysis of sterol esters by capillary gas chromatography-electron impact and chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Lipids 19, 888–901.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wakeham, S. G. and Frew, N. M. (1982) Glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of wax esters, steryl esters and triacylglycerols. Lipids 17, 831–843.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Adler, E. (1977) Lignin chemistry—past, present and future. Wood Sci. Technol. 11, 169–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Martínez, M. J., Barrasa, J. M., Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., and Martínez, A. T. (1999) Fungal screening for biological removal of extractives from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wood. Can. J. Bot. 77, 1513–1522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., Martínez, M. J., and Martínez, A. T. (1999) Fungal degradation of lipophilic extractives in Eucalyptus globulus wood. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 1367–1371.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ebeler, S. E. and Shibamoto, T. (1994) Overview and recent developments in solid-phase extraction for separation of lipid classes, in Lipid Chromatographic Analysis (Shibamoto, T., ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kaluzny, M. A., Duncan, L. A., Merritt, M. V., and Epps, D. E. (1985) Rapid separation of lipid classes in high yield and purity using bonded phase columns. J. Lipid Res. 26, 135–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Valmaseda, M., Almendros, G., and Martínez, A. T. (1991) Chemical transformation of wheat straw constituents after solid-state fermentation with selected lignocellulose-degrading fungi. Biomass Bioenerg. 1, 261–266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Christie, W. W. (1992) Solid-phase extraction columns in the analysis of lipids, in Advances in Lipid Methodology—One (Christie, W. W., ed.), The Oily Press, Dundee, Scotland, pp. 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Guillén, F., Martínez, A. T., and Martínez, M. J. (1992) Substrate specificity and properties of the aryl-alcohol oxidase from the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii. Eur. J. Biochem. 209, 603–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Christie, W. W. (1994) Gas Chromatography and Lipids: A Practical Guide. The Oily Press, Dundee, United Kingdom.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V. and Pérez-Camino, M. C. (2000) Update on solid-phase extraction for the analysis of lipid classes and related compounds. J. Chromatogr. A 885, 321–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Chen, T. C. (1994) Solid-phase extraction can rapidly separate lipid classes from acetone extracts of wood and pulp. Tappi J. 77, 235–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., González-Vila, F. J., and Martín, F. (1998) Analysis of lipophilic extractives from wood and pitch deposits by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 823, 449–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Gutiérrez, A., Martínez, M. J., del Río, J. C., Romero, J., Canaval, J., Lenon, G., et al. (2000) Fungal pretreatment of Eucalyptus wood can strongly decreases the amount of lipophilic extractives during chlorine-free kraft pulping. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3705–3709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Martínez-Íñigo, M. J., Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., Martínez, M. J., and Martínez, A. T. (2000) Time course of fungal removal of lipophilic extractives from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wood. J. Biotechnol. 84, 119–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain

    Ana Gutiérrez & José C. del Río

  2. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Ángel T. Martínez

Authors
  1. Ana Gutiérrez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. José C. del Río
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ángel T. Martínez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI)-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina

    John F. T. Spencer  & Alicia L. Ragout de Spencer  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J.C., Martínez, Á.T. (2004). Chemical Analysis and Biological Removal of Wood Lipids Forming Pitch Deposits in Paper Pulp Manufacturing. In: Walker, J.M., Spencer, J.F.T., Ragout de Spencer, A.L. (eds) Environmental Microbiology. Methods in Biotechnology, vol 16. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-765-3:189

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-765-3:189

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-116-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-765-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation