Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a new and innovative technique that separates charged or uncharged molecules in a thin buffer-filled capillary by the application of a very high voltage. Separations by CE are extremely fast: Some are achieved in less than 5 min, with reproducibility studies often showing coefficient of variation (CVs) of <2%. The outstanding characteristic of CE is that it is an extremely sensitive technique. Early workers reported separations greater than 1 million theoretical plates per meter by CE, which is 10× the sensitivity of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The development of automated sample injection has meant that CE can be integrated into a clinical setting in which turnaround of accurate, cost-effective results are paramount.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tiselius, A. (1937) New apparatus for electrophoretic analysis of colloidal mixtures. Trans. Faraday Soc. 33, 524–536.
Hjerten, S. (1990) Zone broadening in electrophoresis with special reference to high-performance electrophoresis in capillaries: an interplay between theory and practice. Electrophoresis 11, 665–690.
Gordon, M. J., Huang X., Pentoney, S. L., Jr., and Zare, R. N. (1988) Capillary electrophoresis. Science 242, 224–228.
Deyl, Z. and Struzinsky, R. (1991) Review capillary zone electrophoresis: its applicability and potential in biochemical analysis. J. Chromatogr. 569, 63–122.
Kuhr, W. G. (1990) Capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 62, 403R–413R.
Mazzeo, J. R. and Krull, I. S. (1991) Coated capillaries and additives for the separations of proteins by cpillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing. BioTechniques 10, 638–645.
Shihabi, Z. K. (1992) Clinical applications of capillary electrophoresis. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 22, 398–405.
Jenkins, M. A. and Guerin M. D. (1996) Capillary electrophoresis as a clinical tool. J. Chromatogr. B. 682, 23–34.
Lehmann, R., Liebich, H. M., and Voelter, W. (1996) Application of capillary electrophoresis in clinical chemistry: developments from preliminary trials to routine analysis. J. Cap. Electrophor. 3, 89–110.
Schwartz, H. E., Ulfelder, K. J., Chen F-T. A., and Pentoeny, S. L. Jr. (1994) Utility of laser-induced fluorescence detection in applications of capillary electrophoresis. J. Cap. Electrophor. 3, 89–110.
Oda, R. P. and Landers, J. P. (1996) Introduction, in Capillary Electrophoresis (Landers, J. P., ed.), CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1–47.
McLaughlin, G. M., Nolan, J. A., Lindahl, J. L., Palmiere, R. H., Anderson, K. W., Morris, S. C., Morrison, J. A., and Bronzert, T. J. (1992) Pharmaceutical drug separations by HPCE: practical guidelines. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 15, 961–1021.
Zhu, M., Rodriguez R., Hansen, D., and Wehr, T. (1990) Capillary electrophoresis of proteins under alkaline conditions. J. Chromatogr. 516, 123–131.
El Rassi, Z. (1993) Capillary electrophoresis overview (theory and injection). Printed notes from workshop at Conference on Capillary Electrophoresis, Frederick.
Cornell, F. N. and McLachlan, R. (1985) Isoelectric focusing in the investigation of gammopathies, in Clinical Biochemist Monograph, Australian Association of Clinical Biochemists, Perth, pp. 31–37.
Zhu, M., Hansen, D. L., Burd, S., and Gannon, F. (1989) Factors affecting free zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. 480, 311–319.
Chen, S-M. and Wiktorowicz, J. E. (1992) Isoelectric focusing by free solution capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem. 206, 84–90.
Chen, S.-M. and Wiktorowicz, J. E. (1993) High resolution full range (pI=2.5 to 10.0) Isoelectric focusing of proteins and peptides in capillary electrophoresis, in Techniques in Protein Chemistry 1V, (Villafranca, J. J., ed.), Academic Press, San Diego, p. 333.
Wu, J. and Pawliszyn J. (1993) Fast analysis of proteins by isoelectric focusing performed in capillary array detected with concentrated gradient imaging system. Electrophoresis 14, 469–474.
Zhu, M., Wehr, T., Levi, V., Rodriguez, R., Shiffer, K., and Cao, Z. A. (1993) Capillary electrophoresis of abnormal haemoglobins associated with alpha-thalassemias. J. Chromatogr. A 652, 119–129.
Zhu, M., Rodriguez R., Wehr T., and Siebert C. (1992) Capillary electrophoresis of haemoglobins and globin chains. J. Chromatogr. 608, 225–237.
Rodriguez, R., Zhu, M., Wehr, T., and Siebert, C. (1994) Gravity mobilization of proteins in capillary isoelectric focusing. Presented at the Sixth International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis, San Diego, CA.
Foret, F., Szoko, E., and Karger, B. L. (1993) Trace analysis of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis with on-column isotachophoretic preconcentration. Electrophoresis 14, 417–428.
Terabe, S., Otsuka, K., Ichikawa K., Tjuchiya, A., and Ando, T. (1984) Electrophoretic separations with micellar solutions and open tubular capillaries. Anal. Chem. 56, 111–113.
Gelfi, C., Cossu, G., Carta, P., Serra, M., and Righetti, P. G. (1995) Gene dosage in capillary electrophoresis: pre-natal diagnosis of Down’s syndrome. J. Chromatogr. A 718, 405–412.
Gross, M., Gathof, B. S., Kolle, P., and Gresser, U. (1995) Capillary electrophoresis for screening of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Electrophoresis 16, 1927–1929.
Oto, M., Suehiro, T., and Yuasa, Y. (1995) Identification of mutated p53 in cancer by non-gel-sieving capillary electrophoretic SSCP analysis. Clin. Chem. 41, 1787–1788.
Hu, A. Z., Cruzado, I. D., Hill, J. W., McNeal, C. J., and Macfarlane, R. D. (1995) Characterization of lipoproptein a by capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 717(1–2), 33–39.
Holmes, R. P. (1995) Measurement of urinary oxalate and citrate by capillary electrophoresis and indirect ultraviolet absorbance. Clin. Chem. 41, 1297–1301.
Ueda, T., Maekawa, T., Sadamitsu, D., Oshita, S., Ogino, K., and Nakamura, K. (1995) Determination of nitrite and nitrate in human blood plasma by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 16(6), 1002–1004.
Jariego, C. M. and Hernanz, A. (1996) Determination of organic acids by capillary electrophoresis in screening of organic acidurias. Clin. Chem. 42, 477–478.
Marsh, D. B. and Nuttall, K. L. (1995) Methylmalonic acid in clinical urine specimens by capillary zone electrophoresis using indirect photometric detection. J. Cap. Electrophor. 2, 63–67.
Shihabi, Z. K. and Oles, K. S. (1994) Felbamate measured in serum by two methods: HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. Clin. Chem. 40, 1904–1908.
Abubaker, M. A., Bissell, M. G., and Petersen, J. R. (1995) Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography to separate steroids that are increased in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin. Chem. 41, 1369–1370.
Jenkins, M. A., Kulinskaya, E., Martin, H. D., and Guerin, M. D. (1995) Evaluation of serum protein separation by capillary electrophoresis: prospective analysis of 1000 specimens. J. Chromatogr. B 672, 241–251.
Jenkins, M. A. and Guerin, M. D. (1995) Quantification of serum proteins using capiullary electrophoresis. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 32, 493–497.
Jenkins, M. A. and Guerin, M. D. (1996) Optimization of serum protein separation by capillary electrophoresis. Clin.Chem. 42, 1886.
Jenkins, M. A., O’Leary, T. D., and Guerin, M. D. (1994) Identification and quantitation of human urine proteins by capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. B 662, 108–112.
Jenkins, M. A. (1997) Clinical application of capillary electrophoresis to unconcentrated human urine proteins. Electrophoresis 18, 1842–1846.
Hempe, J. M. and Craver, R. D. (1994) Quantification of haemoglobin variants by capillary isoelectric focusing. Clin. Chem. 40, 2288–2295.
Hempe, J. M., Granger, J. N., and Craver, R. D. (1997) Capillary isoelectric focusing of haemoglobin variants in the pediatric clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis 18, 1785–1795.
Shihabi, Z. K. (1996) Analysis and general classification of serum cryoglobulins by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 17, 1607–1612.
Cowdrey, G., Firth, M., and Firth, G. (1995) Separation of cerebrospinal fluid proteins using capillary electrophoresis: a potential method for the diagnosis of neurological disorders. Electrophoresis 16, 1922–1926.
Doelman, C. J. A., Siebelder, C. W. M., Nijhof, W. A., Weykamp, C. W., Janssens, J., and Penders, T. J. (1997) Capillary electrophoresis system for haemoglobin A1c determinations evaluated. Clin. Chem. 43, 644–648.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Jenkins, M.A. (1999). Clinical Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis. In: Palfrey, S.M. (eds) Clinical Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 27. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-689-4:1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-689-4:1
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-639-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-689-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols