Skip to main content

Mouse Chimeras and the Analysis of Development

  • Protocol
Developmental Biology Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 135))

  • 1336 Accesses

Abstract

Because transgenesis via embryonic stem (ES) cells has become so topical in recent years, there have been a plethora of technical accounts of how to produce chimeras by introducing these cells into the preimplantation mouse conceptus, both using and avoiding micromanipulation (15). In the overwhelming majority of cases this type of chimerism is regarded simply as a means to an end, namely establishing and perpetuating in vivo modifications to the genome that have been produced in vitro. However, it is also being exploited to a limited extent to assess the developmental potential of homozygous mutant ES cells in wild-type embryos and vice versa (6,7).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bradley, A. (1987) Production and analysis of chimaeric mice, in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells, a Practical Approach (Robertson, E. J., ed.), IRL, Oxford, UK, pp. 113–151.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wang, Z.-Q., Kiefer, F., Urbanek, P., and Wagner, E. F. (1997) Generation of completely embryonic stem cell-derived mutant mice using tetraploid blastocysts. Mech. Dev. 62, 137–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tokunaga, T. and Tsunoda, Y. (1992) Efficacious production of viable germ-line chimeras between embryonic stem (ES) cells and 8-cell stage embryos. Dev. Growth Differ. 34, 561–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Stewart, C. L. (1993) Production of chimeras between embryonic stem cells and embryos. Methods Enzymol. 225, 823–855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Wood, S. A., Pascoe, W. S., Schmidt, C., Kemler, R., Evans, M. J., and Allen, N. D. (1993) Simple and efficient production of embryonic stem cell-embryo chimeras by co-culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4582–4585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Varlet, I., Collignon, J., and Robertson, E. J. (1997) Nodal expression in the primitive endoderm is required for specification of the anterior axis during gastrulation. Development 124, 1033–1044.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wilson, V., Manson, L., Skarnes, W. C., and Beddington, R. S. P. (1995) The T gene is required for normal mesodermal morphogenetic cell movements during gastrulation. Development 121, 877–886.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. McLaren, A. (1976) Mammalian Chimaeras. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Eicher, E. M. and Hoppe, P. C. (1973) Use of chimeras to transmit lethal genes in the mouse and to demonstrate allelism of the two X-linked lethal genes jp and msd. J. Exp. Zool. 183, 181–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mullen, R. J. and Whitten, W. K. (1971) Relationship of genotype and degree of chimerism in coat color to sex ratios and gametogenesis in chimeric mice. J. Exp. Zool. 178, 165–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Graham, C. F. and Deussen, Z. A. (1978) Features of cell lineage in preimplantation mouse development. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 48, 53–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Surani, M. A. H. and Barton, S. C. (1984) Spatial distribution of blastomeres is dependent on cell division order and interactions in mouse morula. Dev. Biol. 102, 335–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. James, R. M., Klerkx, A. H. E. M., Keighren, M., Flockhart, J. H., and West, J. D. (1995) Restricted distribution of tetraploid cells in mouse tetraploid-diploid chimeras. Dev. Biol. 167, 213–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nicholson, G. L., Yanagimachi, R., and Yanagimachi, H. (1975) Ultrastructural localization of lectin-binding sites on the zonae pellucidae and plasma membranes of mammalian eggs. J. Cell Biol. 66, 263–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gardner, D. K. and Sakkas, D. (1993) Mouse embryo cleavage, metabolism and viability: Role of medium composition. Hum. Reprod. 8, 288–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lawitts, J. A. and Biggers, J. D. (1993) Culture of preimplantation embryos. Methods Enzymol. 225, 153–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Biggers, J. D., Whitten, W. K., and Whittingham, D. G. (1971) Culture of mouse embryos in vitro, in Methods in Mammalian Embryology (Daniel, J. C., Jr., ed.), Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 86–116.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Whittingham, D. G. and Wales, R. G. (1969) Storage of 2-cell mouse embryos in vitro. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 22, 1065–1068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Stanners, C. P., Eliceiri, G. L., and Green, H. (1971). Two types of ribosome in mouse-hamster hybrid cells. Nature New Biol. 230, 52–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gardner, R. L. (1996) Can developmentally significant spatial patterning of the egg be discounted in mammals? Hum. Reprod. Update 2, 3–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mintz, B., Gearhart, J. D., and Guymont, A. O. (1973) Phytohemagglutinin-mediated blastomere aggregation and development of allophenic mice. Dev. Biol. 31, 195–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. McLaren, A. and Michie, D. (1956) Studies on the transfer of fertilized mouse eggs to uterine foster-mothers. I. Factors affecting the implantation and survival of native and transferred eggs. J. Exp. Biol. 33, 394–416.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Papaioannou, V. E. (1990) In utero manipulations, in Postimplantation Mammalian Embryos: A Practical Approach (Copp, A. J. and Cockroft, D. L., eds.), IRL, Oxford, UK, pp. 61–80.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Babinet, C. (1980) A simplified method for mouse blastocyst injection. Exp. Cell Res. 130, 15–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gardner, R. L. (1978) Production of chimeras by injecting cells or tissues into the blastocyst, in Methods in Mammalian Reproduction (Daniel, J. C., Jr., ed.), Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 137–165.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gardner, R. L. (1985) Regeneration of endoderm from primitive ectoderm in the mouse embryo: fact or artifact? J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 88, 303–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cockroft, D. L. and Gardner, R. L. (1987) Clonal analysis of the developmental potential of 6th and 7th day visceral endoderm cells in the mouse. Development 101, 143–155.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rossant, J., Gardner, R. L., and Alexandre, H. L. (1978) Investigation of the potency of cells from the postimplantation mouse embryo by blastocyst injection: A preliminary report. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 48, 239–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gardner, R. L., Lyon, M. F., Evans, E. P., and Burtenshaw, M. D. (1985) Clonal analysis of X-chromosome inactivation and the origin of the germline in the mouse embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 88, 349–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Solter, D. and Knowles, B. B. (1975) Immunosurgery of mouse blastocyst. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 5099–5102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Papaioannou, V. E. (1982) Lineage analysis of the inner cell mass and trophectoderm using microsurgically reconstituted blastocysts. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 68, 199–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Beddington, R. S. P. and Lawson, K. A. (1990) Clonal analysis of cell lineages, in Postimplantation Mammalian Embryos: A Practical Approach (Copp, A. J. and Cockroft, D. L., eds.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp. 267–292.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chapman, V. M., Whitten, W. K., and Ruddle, F. H. (1972) Expression of paternal glucose phosphate isomerase-1 (Gpi-1) in preimplantation stages of mouse development. Dev. Biol. 26, 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Gardner, R. L. (1984) An in situ marker for clonal analysis of development of the extraembryonic endoderm in the mouse. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 80, 251–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Thomson, J. A. and Solter, D. (1988) Transgenic markers for mammalian chimeras. Roux’s Arch. Dev. Biol. 197, 63–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Friedrich, G. and Soriano, P. (1991) Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells—A genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in the mouse. Genes Dev. 5, 1513–1523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bruce, H. M. (1960) A block to pregnancy in the mouse caused by proximity of strange males. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1, 96–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Gardner, R.L., Davies, T.J. (2000). Mouse Chimeras and the Analysis of Development. In: Walker, J.M., Tuan, R.S., Lo, C.W. (eds) Developmental Biology Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 135. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-685-1:397

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-685-1:397

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-852-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-685-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics