Abstract
The brain requires an adequate and constant supply of glucose or alternate energy substrates to support its metabolic demands. Because of the special conditions imposed by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), specific transport mechanisms are required for the influx of water-soluble substrates. Alterations in energy substrate transport or availability has profound consequences that may result in inadequate energy supply and possible cell death. To study these transport mechanisms, quantitative methods of substrate influx and blood flow have been developed. These methods are based on a model of unidirectional tracer influx at the endothelial cell boundary from the blood during capillary transit (1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gjedde, A. (1983) Modulation of substrate transport to the brain. Acta Neurol. Scand. 67, 3ā25.
Sage, J. I., Van Uitert, R. L., and Duffy, T. E. (1981) Simultaneous measurement of cerebral blood flow and unidirectional movement of substances across the blood-brain barrier: theory, method, and application to leucine. J. Neurochem. 36, 1731ā1738.
Oldendorf, W. H. (1973) Carrier-mediated blood-brain barrier transport of short-chain monocarboxylic organic acids. Am. J. Physiol. 224,1450ā1453.
Pelligrino, D. A., LaManna, J. C, Duckrow, R. B., Bryan, R. M. Jr., and Harik, S. I. (1992) Hyperglycemia and blood-brain barrier glucose transport. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 887ā899.
Crone, C. (1965) Facilitated transfer of glucose from blood into brain tissue. J. Physiol. 181, 103ā113.
Dick, A. P., Harik, S. I., Klip, A., and Walker, D. M. (1984) Identification and characterization of the glucose transporter of the blood-brain barrier by cytochalasin B binding and immunological reactivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A 81, 7233ā7237.
LaManna, J. C, and Harik, S. I. (1985) Regional comparisons of brain glucose influx. Brain Res. 326, 299ā305.
LaManna, J. C, Harrington, J. F, Vendel, L. M., Abi-Saleh, K., Lust, W. D., and Harik, S. I. (1993) Regional blood-brain lactate influx. Brain Res. 614, 164ā170.
Shockley, R. P., and LaManna, J. C. (1988) Determination of rat cerebral cortical blood volume changes by capillary mean transit time analysis during hypoxia, hypercapnia and hyperventilation. Brain Res. 454, 170ā178.
Crumrine, R. C, and LaManna, J. C. (1991) Regional cerebral metabolites, blood flow, plasma volume, and mean transit time in total cerebral ischemia in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 272ā282.
Sakurada, O., Kennedy, C, Jehle, J., Brown, J. D., Carbin, G. L., and Sokoloff, L. (1978) Measurement of local cerebral blood flow with iodo [14C] antipyrine. Am. J. Physiol. 234, H59ā66.
Lincoln, B. C, Des Rosiers, C, and Brunengraber, H. (1987) Metabolism of S-3-hydroxybutyrate in the perfused rat liver. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 259, 149ā156
Lowry, O. H., and Passonneau, J. V. (1972) A Flexible System of Enzymatic Analysis. Academic Press, New York.
LaManna, J. C. and Harik, S. I. (1986) Regional studies of blood-brain barrier transport of glucose and leucine in awake and anesthetized rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6, 717ā723
Crone, C. (1977) Transport of solutes and water across the blood-brain barrier [proceedings]. J. Physiol. 266, 34Pā35P
Riachi, N. J., LaManna, J. C, and Harik, S. I. (1989) Entry of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine into the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 249, 744ā748.
Pardridge, W. M., Connor, J. D., and Crawford, I. L. (1975) Permeability changes in the blood-brain barrier: Causes and consequences. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 3, 159ā199.
Knudsen, G. M., Paulson, O. B., and Hertz, M. M. (1991) Kinetic analysis of the human blood-brain barrier transport of lactate and its influence by hypercapnia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 581ā586.
Lear, J. L., and Kasliwal, R. K. (1991) Autoradiographic measurement of cerebral lactate transport rate constants in normal and activated conditions. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 576ā580.
Gjedde, A., and Crone, C. (1975) Induction processes in blood brain transfer of ketone bodies during starvation. Am. J. Physiol. 229, 1165ā1169.
Harik, S. I., and LaManna, J. C. (1988) Vascular perfusion and blood-brain glucose transport in acute and chronic hyperglycemia. J. Neurochem. 51, 1924ā1929.
LaManna, J. C, McCracken, K. A., and Strohl, K. P. (1989) Changes in regional cerebral blood flow and sucrose space after 3ā4 weeks of hypobaric hypoxia (0.5 ATM). Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 248, 471ā477.
LaManna, J. C, Kikano, G E., and Harik, S. I. (1989) Brain blood flow and sucrose space in acute and chronic hyperglycemia. In: Neurotransmission and Cerebrovascular Function I. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Kikano, G. E., LaManna, J. C., and Harik, S. I. (1989) Brain perfusion in acute and chronic hyperglycemia in rats. Stroke 20, 1027ā1031.
De Vivo, D. C, Trifiletti, R. R., Jacobson, R. I., Ronen, G M., Behmand, R. A., and Harik, S. I. (1991) Defective glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier as a cause of persistent hypoglycorrhachia, seizures, and developmental delay. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 703ā709.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Puchowicz, M.A., Xu, K., LaManna, J.C. (2003). Single-Pass Dual-Label Indicator Method. In: Nag, S. (eds) The Blood-Brain Barrier. Methods in Molecular Medicineā¢, vol 89. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-419-0:265
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-419-0:265
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-073-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-419-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols