Abstract
During evolutionary processes, the development of aerobic metabolism has led to the liberation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living creatures by leakage from terminal oxidation and other enzymatic processes even under physiological conditions. Free radicals have unpaired electrons on their outer orbit, which makes these short-lived molecular fragments highly reactive with biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. These reactions are self-perpetuating chain reactions, further increasing their destructive potential. Excessive amounts of free radicals can significantly impair cellular structure and function and even can induce different forms of cell death. The development of inheritable adaptation mechanisms against oxidative stress improved the survival of the individual and the species in general as a benefit of selection (1,2). The comprehensive role of ROS in intracellular signaling mechanisms during physiological circumstances has later been recognized (3). The formation, actions and inactivation of free radicals are summarized in Fig. 1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
REFERENCES
Benzie, I. F. F. (2000) Evolution of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Eur. J. Nutr. 39, 53–61.
Maxwell, S R. J. and Lip, G Y. H. (1997) Reperfusion injury: A review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and therapeutic options. Int. J. Cardiol. 58, 95–117.
Bourdon, E. and Blache, D. (2001) The importance of proteins in defense against oxidation. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 293–311.
Bolli, R. (1998) Causative role of oxyradicals in myocardial stunning: A proven hypothesis. Basic. Res. Cardiol. 93, 156–162.
Das, D K., Engelman, R M., Liu, X., Maity, S., Rousou, J. A., Flack, J., et al. (1992) Oxygen-derived free radicals and hemolysis during open heart surgery. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 111, 77–86.
Singal, P K, Khaper, N., Palace, V., and Kumar, D. (1998) The role of oxidative stress in the genesis of heart disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 40, 426–432.
Hejjel, L. and Roth, E. (2000) Molecular, cellular, and clinical aspects of myocardial ischemia. Orv. Hetil. 141, 539–546.
Toufektsian, M C., Boucher F R., Morel, T S., and De Leiris, J G. (2001) Cardiac toxicity of singlet oxygen: Implication in reperfusion injury. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 63–69.
Das, D K. (2001) Redox regulation of cardiomyocyte survival and death. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 23–37.
Griendling, K K. and Ushio-Fukai, M. (2000) Reactive oxygen species as mediators of angiotensin II signaling. Regul. Pept. 91, 21–27.
Irani, K. (2000) Oxidant signaling in vascular cell growth, death, and survival. Circ. Res. 87, 179–183.
Webster, K A., Prentice, H., and Bishopric, N H. (2001) Oxidation of zinc finger transcription factors: Physiological consequences. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 535–548.
Okabe, E., Tsujimoto, Y., and Kobayashi, Y. (2000) Calmodulin and cyclic ADP-ribose interaction in Ca signaling related to cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: Superoxide anion radical-triggered Ca-release. Antiox. Redox Signal. 2, 47–54.
Goldhaber, J I. and Qayyum, M S. (2000) Oxygen free radicals and excitation-contraction coupling. Antiox. Redox Signal. 2, 55–64.
Agrawal, A. and Kale, R K. (2001) Radiation induced peroxidative damage: Mechanism and significance. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 39, 291–309.
Entman, M L. and Smith, C W. (1994) Postreperfusion inflammation: A model for reaction to injury in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 28, 1301–1311.
Griendling, K K., Sorescu, D., and Ushio-Fukai, M. (2000) NAD(P)H oxidase. Role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ. Res. 86, 494–501.
Cai, H. and Harrison, D G. (2000) Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases. The role of oxidant stress. Circ. Res. 87, 840–844.
Trochu, J.-N., Bouhour, J.-B., Kaley, G., and Hintze, T H. (2000) Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of cardiac oxygen metabolism. Circ. Res. 87, 1108–1117.
Dhalla, N. S., Elmoselhi, A B., Hata, T., and Makino, N. (2000) Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. 47, 446–456.
Engelhardt, J. F., Sen, C K., and Oberley, L. (2001) Redox-modulating gene therapies for human diseases. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 341–346.
Guidot, D. M., Repine, J. E., Kitlowski, A. D., Flores, S. C., Nelson, S. K., Wright, R. M., et al. (1995) Mitochondrial respiration scavenges extramitochondrial superoxide via non-enzymatic mechanism. Clin. Invest. 96, 1131–1136.
Wang, X. L., Adachi, T., Sim, A. S., and Wilcken, D. E. (1998) Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase levels in an Australian population with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18, 1915–1921.
Benjamin, I. J. and McMillan, D. R. (1998) Stress (heat shock) proteins. Molecular chaperones in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ. Res. 83, 117–132.
Das, U. N. (2000) Free radicals, cytokines and nitric oxide in cardiac failure and myocardial infarction. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 215, 145–152.
Chen, W., Gabel, S., Steenberger, C., and Murphy, E. (1995) A redox-based mechanism for cardioprotection induced by ischemic preconditioning in perfused rat heart. Circ. Res. 77, 424–429.
Cohen, M. V., Yang, X-M., Liu, G. S., Heusch, G., and Downey, J. M. (2001) Acetylcholine, bradykinin, opioids, and phenylephrine, but not adenosine, trigger preconditioning by generating free radicals and opening mitochondrial KATP channels. Circ. Res. 89, 273–278.
Tanaka, M., Fujiwara, H., Yamasaki, K., and Sasayama, S. (1994) Superoxide dismutase and N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine attenuate infarct size limitation effect of ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit. Cardiovasc. Res. 28, 980–986.
Yamashita, N., Hoshida, S., Taniguchi, N., Kuzuya, T., and Hori, M. (1998) Whole-body hyperthermia provides biphasic cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Circulation 98, 1414–1421.
Tritto, I. and Ambrosio, G. (2001) Role of oxidants in the signaling pathway of preconditioning. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 3–10.
Siwik, D. A., Pagano, P. J., and Colucci, W. S. (2001) Oxidative stress regulates collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts. Am. J. Physiol. 280, C53–C60.
Szibor, M., Richter, C., and Ghafourifar, P. (2001) Redox control of mitochondrial functions. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 515–523.
Semenza, G. L. (2000) Cellular and molecular dissection of reperfusion injury. ROS within and without. Circ. Res. 86, 117–118.
Rakhit, R. D. and Marber, M. S. (2001) Nitric oxide: An emerging role in cardioprotection? Heart 86, 368–372.
Wink, D. A., Miranda, K. M., Espey, M. G., Pluta, R. M., Hewett, S. J., Colton, C., et al. (2001) Mechanism of the antioxidant effects of nitric oxide. Antiox. Redox Sign. 3, 203–213.
Cooke, J. P. (1998) Nutriceuticals for cardiovascular health. Am. J. Cardiol. 82, 43S–46S.
Guigliano, D. (2000) Dietary antioxidants for cardiovascular prevention. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 10, 38–44.
Pryor, W. (2000) Vitamin E and heart disease: Basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 28, 141–164.
Sethi, R., Takeda, N., Nagano, M., and Dhalla, N. S. (2000) Beneficial effects of vitamin E treatment in acute myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 5, 51–58.
Kritchevsky, S. B., Shimakawa, T., Tell, G. S., et al. (1995) carotid artery wall thickness. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 92, 2142–2150.
Hodis, H. N., Mack, W J., LaBree, L., et al. (1995) Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA 273, 1849–1854.
Stephens, N. G., Parsons, A., Schofield, P. M., Kelly, F., Cheeseman, K., and Mitchinson, M. J. (1996) Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 347, 781–786.
GISSI (1999) Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico. Lancet 354, 447–455.
Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Ascherio, A., Giovannucci, E., Colditz, G. A., and Willett, W. C. (1993) Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1450–1456.
Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., and Willett, W. C. (1993) Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1444–1449.
Yusuf, S., Dagenais, G., Pogue, J., Bosch, J., and Sleight, P. (2000) Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med 342, 154–160.
Lonn, E., Yusuf, S., Dzavik, V., Doris, C., Yi, Q., Smith, S., et al., for the SECURE Investigators. (2001) Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: The study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation 103, 919–925.
Solzbach, U., Hornig, B., Jeserich, M., and Just, H. (1997) Vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in hypertensive patients. Circulation 96, 1513–1519.
Hornig, B., Arakawa, N., Kohler, C., and Drexler, H. (1998) Vitamin C improves endothelial function of conduit arteries in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 97, 363–368.
Yokoyama, H., Lingle, D. M., Crestanello, J. A., Kamelgard, J., Kott, B. R., Momeni, R., et al. (1996) Coenzyme Q10 protects coronary endothelial function from ischemia reperfusion injury via an antioxidant effect. Surgery 120, 189–196.
Tran, M. T., Mitchell, T. M., Kennedy, D. T., and Giles, J. T. (2001) Role of coenzyme Q10 in chronic heart failure, angina, and hypertension. Pharmacotherapy 21, 797–806.
Miller, A. L. (1996) Antioxidant flavonoids: Structure, function and clinical usage. Alt. Med. Rev. 1, 103–111.
Hultzquist, D. E., Xu, F., Quandt, K. S., Shlafer, M., Mack, C. P., Till, G. O., et al. (1993) Evidence that NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase and administered riboflavin protect tissues from oxidative injury. Am. J. Hematol. 42, 13–18.
Herrog, M. G. L., Feskens, E. J. M., Hollman, P. C. H., Katman, M. B., and Krombout, D. (1993) Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen elderly study. Lancet 342, 1007–1011.
Knekt, P., Reunanen, A., Järvinen, R., Seppänen, R., Heliövaara, M., and Aromaa, A. (1994) Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am. J. Eepidemiol. 139, 1180–1189.
Rimm, E. B., Katan, M. B., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J., and Willett, W. C. (1996) Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Ann. Intern. Med. 125, 384–389.
Lin, J. K. and Tsai, S. H. (1999) Chemoprevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease by resveratrol. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China B 203, 99–106.
Dobsak, P., Courderot-Masuyer, C., Zeller, M., Vergely, C., Laubriet, A., Assem, M., et al. (1999) Antioxidative properties of pyruvate and protection of the ischemic rat heart during cardioplegia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 34, 651–659.
Chahine, R. and Feng, J. (1998) Protective effects of Taurine against reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in isolated ischemic rat heart. Arzneimittelforschung 48, 360–364.
Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Qi, W., Manchester, L. C., Karbownik, M., and Calvo, J. R. (2000) Pharmacology and physiology of melatonin in the reduction of the oxidative stress in vivo. Biol. Signals Recept. 9, 160–171.
Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., Sampson, L., Colditz, G. A., Manson, J. E., et al. (1998) Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 279, 359–364.
Barandier, C., Tanguy, S., Pucheu, S., Boucher, F., and de Leiris, J. (1999) Effect of antioxidant trace elements on the response of cardiac tissue to oxidative stress. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 874, 138–155.
de Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Accominotti, M., Cadau, M., Steghens, J. P., Boucher, F., et al. (2001) Dietary and blood antioxidants in patients with chronic heart failure. Insights into the potential importance of selenium in heart failure. Eur. J. Heart. Failure 3, 661–669.
Munzel, T. and Keaney, J. F. Jr. (2001) Are ACE inhibitors a “magic bullet” against oxidative stress? Circulation 104, 1571–1574.
Tamba, M. and Torreggiani, A. (2000) Free radical scavenging and copper chelation: a potentially beneficial action of captopril. Free Rad. Res. 32, 199–211.
Feuerstein, G., Yue, T. L., Ma, X., and Ruffolo, R. R. (1998) Novel mechanisms in the treatment of heart failure: inhibition of oxygen radicals and apoptosis by carvedilol. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 41, S17–24.
Roth, E. and Torok, B. (1991) Effect of the ultrashort-acting beta-blocker Brevibloc on free-radical-mediated injuries during the early reperfusion state. Basic Res. Cardiol. 86, 422–433.
Paroczai, M., Roth, E., Matos, G., Temes, G., Lantos, J., and Karpati, E. (1996) Effects of bisaramil on coronary-occlusion-reperfusion injury and free-radical-induced reactions. Pharmacol. Res. 33, 327–336.
Roth, E., Matos, G., Guarnieri, C., Papp, B., and Varga, J. (1995) Influence of the beta-blocker therapy on neutrophil superoxide generation and platelet aggregation in experimental myocardial ischemia and reflow. Acta Physiol. Hung. 83, 163–170.
Bhat, V. B. and Madyastha, K. M. (2001) Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of 8-oxo derivatives of xanthine drugs pentoxifylline and lisofylline. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288, 1212–1217.
Javadov, S. A., Lim, K. H., Kerr, P. M., Suleiman, M. S., Angelini, G. D., and Halestrap, A. P. (2000) Protection of hearts from reperfusion injury by propofol is associated with inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Cardiovasc. Res. 45, 360–369.
Ferreira, R., Burgos, M., Llesuy, S., Molteni, L., Milei, J., Flecha, B. G., et al. (1989) Reduction of reperfusion injury with mannitol cardioplegia. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 48, 77–83.
Xu, J., Chang, Y., Ouyang, B., Lu, Z., and Li, L. (1998) Influence of isoflurane and sevoflurane on metabolism of oxygen free radicals in cardiac valve replacement (abstract). Hunan. Yi. Ke. Da. Xue. Bao. 23, 489–491.
Kelly, G. S. (1998) Clinical applications of N-acetylcysteine. Altern. Med. Rev. 3, 114–127.
Marchetti, G., Lodola, E., Licciardello, L., and Colombo, A. (1999) Use of N-acetylcysteine in the management of coronary artery diseases. Cardiologia 44, 633–637.
Andrews, N. P., Prasad, A., and Quyyumi, A. A. (2001) N-acetylcysteine improves coronary and peripheral vascular function. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 117–123.
Dage, R. C., Anderson, B. A., Mao, S. J., and Koerner, J. E. (1991) Probucol reduces myocardial dysfunction during reperfusion after short-term ischemia in rabbit heart. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 17, 158–165.
Horwitz, L. D., Fennessey, P. V., Shikes, R. H., and Kong, Y. (1994) Marked reduction in myocardial infarct size due to prolonged infusion of an antioxidant during reperfusion. Circulation 89, 1792–1801.
Miki, T., Cohen, M. V., and Downey, J. M. (1999) Failure of N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine to reduce myocardial infarction after 3 days of reperfusion in rabbits. Basic Res. Cardiol. 94, 180–187.
Kinugawa, S., Tsutsui, H., Hayashidani, S., Ide, T., Suematsu, N., Satoh, S., et al. (2000) Treatment with dimethylthiourea prevents left ventricular remodeling and heart failure after experimental myocardial infarction in mice: Role of oxidative stress. Circ. Res. 87, 392–398.
Hashimoto, K., Minatoguchi, S., Hashimoto, Y., Wang, N., Qiu, X., Yamashita, K., et al. (2001) role of protein kinase C, KATP channels and DNA fragmentation in the infarct size reducing effects of the free radical scavenger T-0970. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28, 193–199.
McDonald, M. C., Zacharowski, K., Bowes, J., Cuzzocrea, S., and Thiemermann, C. (1999) Tempol reduces infarct size in rodent models of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 27, 493–503.
Headrick, J. P., Armiger, L. C., and Willis, R. J. (1990) Behaviour of energy metabolites and effect of allopurinol in the “stunned” isovolumic rat heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 22, 1107–1116.
Khatib, S. Y., Farah, H., and El-Migdadi, F. (2001) Allopurinol enhances adenine nucleotide levels and improves myocardial function in isolated hypoxic rat heart. Biochemistry (Mosc) 66, 328–333.
Clancy, R. R., McGaurn, S. A., Goin, J. E., Hirtz, D. G., Norwood, W. I., Gaynor, J. W., et al. (2001) Allopurinol neurocardiac protection trial in infants undergoing heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatrics 108, 61–70.
Soong, C. V., Young, I. S., Lightbody, J. H., Hood, J. M., Rowlands, B. J., Trimble, E. R., and BarrosD’Sa, A. A. (1994) Reduction of free radical generation minimises lower limb swelling following femoropopliteal bypass surgery. Eur. J. Vasc. Surg. 8, 435–440.
Cardillo, C., Kilcoyne, C. M., Cannon, R. O. 3rd, Quyyumi, A. A., and Panza, J. A. (1997) Xanthine oxidase inhibition with oxypurinol improves endothelial vasodilator function in hypercholesterolemic but not in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 30, 57–63.
Aucamp, J., Gaspar, A., Hara, Y., and Apostolides, Z. (1997) Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by catechins from tea (Camellia sinensis). Anticancer Res. 17, 4381–4385.
de Cavanagh, E. M., Inserra, F., Toblli, J., Stella, I., Fraga, C. G., and Ferder, L. (2001) Enalapril attenuates oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Hypertension 38, 1130–1136.
Yusuf, S., Sleight, P., Pogue, J., Bosch, J., Davies, R., and Dagenais, G. (2000) Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 145–153.
Hink, U., Li, H., Mollnau, H., Oelze, M., Matheis, E., Hartmann, M., et al. (2001) Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Circ. Res. 88, E14–22.
Munzel, T., Li, H., Mollnau, H., Hink, U., Matheis, E., Hartmann, M., et al. (2000) Effects of long-term nitroglycerin treatment on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS III) gene expression, NOS III-mediated superoxide production, and vascular NO bio-availability. Circ. Res. 86, E7–E12.
Heitzer, T., Finckh, B., Albers, S., Krohn, K., Kohlschutter, A., and Meinertz, T. (2001) Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid and ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in diabetic patients: Relation to parameters of oxidative stress. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 31, 53–61.
Heitzer, T., Krohn, K., Albers, S., and Meinertz, T. (2000) Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide activity in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 43, 1435–1438.
Heitzer, T., Brockhoff, C., Mayer, B., Warnholtz, A., Mollnau, H., Henne, S., et al. (2000) Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in chronic smokers: Evidence for a dysfunctional nitric oxide synthase. Circ. Res. 86, E36–E41.
Reddy, B. R., Wynne, J., Kloner, R. A., and Przyklenk, K. (1991) Pretreatment with the iron chelator desferrioxamine fails to provide sustained protection against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. 25, 711–718.
Spencer, K. T., Lindower, P. D., Buettner, G. R., and Kerber, R. E. (1998) Transition metal chelators reduce directly measured myocardial free radical production during reperfusion. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 32, 343–348.
Bolli, R., Patel, B. S., Zhu, W. X., O’Neill, P. G., Hartley, C. J., Charlat, M. L., et al. (1987) The iron chelator desferrioxamine attenuates postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. 253, H1372–1380.
Matthews, A. J., Vercellotti, G. M., Menchaca, H. J., Bloch, P. H., Michalek, V. N., Marker, P. H., et al. (1997) Iron and atherosclerosis: Inhibition by the iron chelator deferiprone (L1). J. Surg. Res. 73, 35–40.
Porreca, E., Ucchino, S., Di Febbo, C., Di Bartolomeo, N., Angelucci, D., Napolitano, A. M., et al. (1994) Antiproliferative effect of desferrioxamine on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 299–304.
Duffy, S. J., Biegelsen, E. S., Holbrook, M., Russell, J. D., Gokce, N., Keaney, J. F. Jr., and Vita, J. A. (2001) Iron chelation improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 103, 2799–2804.
Pepper, J. R., Mumby, S., and Gutteridge, J. M. (1994) Transient iron-overload with bleomycin-detectable iron present during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Free Rad. Res. 21, 53–58.
Menasche, P., Grousset, C., Gauduel, Y., Mouas, C., and Piwnica, A. (1988) A new concept of cardioplegic protection in cardiac surgery: iron chelation. Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss. 81, 811–816.
Menasche, P., Pasquier, C., Bellucci, S., Lorente, P., Jaillon, P., and Piwnica, A. (1988) Deferoxamine reduces neutrophil-mediated free radical production during cardiopulmonary bypass in man. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 96, 582–589.
Bel, A., Martinod, E., and Menasche, P. (1996) Cardioprotective effect of desferrioxamine. Acta Haematol. 95, 63–65.
Stamler, A., Wang, S. Y., Aquirre, D. E., Sellke, F. W., and Johnson R. G. (1996) Effects of pentastarch-deferoxamine conjugate on lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 94, II358–II363.
Black, S. C. (2000) In vivo models of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Application to drug discovery and evaluation. J. Pharm. Toxicol. Meth. 43, 153–167.
Jordan, J. E., Zhao, Z. Q., and Vinten-Johansen, J. (1999) The role of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. 43, 860–878.
Hayashi, Y., Sawa, Y., Nishimura, M., Ichikawa, H., Kagisaki, K., Ohtake, S., et al. (2000) Clinical evaluation of leukocyte-depleted blood cardioplegia for pediatric open heart operation. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 69, 1914–1919.
Riley, R. D., Sato, H., Zhao, Z. Q., Thourani, V. H., Jordan, J. E., Fernandez, A. X., et al. (2000) Recombinant human complement C5a receptor antagonist reduces infarct size after surgical revascularization. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 120, 350–358.
Klein, H. H., Pich, S., Bohle, R. M., Lindert, S., Nebendahl, K., Buchwald, A., et al. (1988) Antiinflammatory agent BW 755 C in ischemic reperfused porcine hearts. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 12, 338–344.
Ravingerova, T., Styk, J., Tregerova, V., Pancza, D., Slezak, J., Tribulova, N., et al. (1991) Protective effect of 7-oxo-prostacyclin on myocardial function and metabolism during postischemic reperfusion and calcium paradox. Basic Res. Cardiol. 86, 245–253.
Rossoni, G., Manfredi, B., Colonna, V. D., Bernareggi, M., and Berti, F. (2001) The nitroderivative of aspirin, NCX 4016, reduces infarct size caused by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in the anesthetized rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 297, 380–387.
Bouchard, J. F. and Lamontagne, D. (1999) Mechanisms of protection afforded by cyclooxygenase inhibitors to endothelial function against ischemic injury in rat isolated hearts. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 34, 755–763.
Buchwald, A., Klein, H. H., Lindert, S., Pich, S., Nebendahl, K., Wiegand, V., and Kreuzer, H. (1989) Effect of intracoronary superoxide dismutase on regional function in stunned myocardium. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13, 258–264.
Ambrosio, G., Becker, L. C., Hutchins, G. M., Weisman, H. F., and Weisfeldt, M. L. (1986) Reduction in experimental infarct size by recombinant human superoxide dismutase: Insights into the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury. Circulation 74, 1424–1433.
Werns, S. W., Simpson, P. J., Mickelson, J. K., Shea, M. J., Pitt, B., and Lucchesi, B. R. (1988) Sustained limitation by superoxide dismutase of canine myocardial injury due to regional ischemia followed by reperfusion. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 11, 36–44.
Ambrosio, G., Zweier, J. L., and Becker, L. C. (1998) Apoptosis is prevented by administration of superoxide dismutase in dogs with reperfused myocardial infarction. Basic. Res. Cardiol. 93, 94–96.
Naslund, U., Haggmark, S., Johansson, G., Marklund, S. L., and Reiz, S. (1990) Limitation of myocardial infarct size by superoxide dismutase as an adjunct to reperfusion after different durations of coronary occlusion in the pig. Circ. Res. 66, 1294–1301.
Naslund, U., Haggmark, S., Johansson, G., Marklund, S. L., Reiz, S., and Oberg, A. (1986) Superoxide dismutase and catalase reduce infarct size in a porcine myocardial occlusion-reperfusion model. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 18, 1077–1084.
Prasad, K., Chan, W. P., and Bharadwaj, B. (1996) Superoxide dismutase and catalase in protection of cardiopulmonary bypass-induced cardiac dysfunction and cellular injury. Can. J. Cardiol. 12, 1083–1091.
Tanaka, M., Richard, V. J., Murry, C. E., Jennings, R. B., and Reimer, K. A. (1993) Superoxide dismutase plus catalase therapy delays neither cell death nor the loss of the TTC reaction in experimental myocardial infarction in dogs. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 25, 367–378.
Omar, B. A. and McCord, J. M. (1990) The cardioprotective effect of Mn-superoxide dismutase is lost at high doses in the postischemic isolated rabbit heart. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 9, 473–478.
Omar, B. A., Gad, N. M., Jordan, M. C., Striplin, S. P., Russell, W. J., Downey, J. M., et al. (1990) Cardioprotection by Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase is lost at high doses in the reoxygenated heart. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 9, 465–471.
Flaherty, J. T., Pitt, B., Gruber, J. W., Heuser, R. R., Rothbaum, D. A., Burwell, L. R., et al. (1994) Recombinant human superoxide dismutase (h-SOD) fails to improve recovery of ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 89, 1982–1991.
Black, S. C., Schasteen, C. S., Weiss, R. H., Riley, D. P., Driscoll, E. M., and Lucchesi, B. R. (1994) Inhibition of in vivo myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury by a synthetic manganese-based superoxide dismutase mimetic. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 270, 1208–1215.
Hangaishi, M., Nakajima, H., Taguchi, J., Igarashi, R., Hoshino, J., Kurokawa, K., et al. (2001) Lecithinized Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase limits the infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285, 1220–1225.
Suzuki, K., Sawa, Y., Ichikawa, H., Kaneda, Y., and Matsuda, H. (1999) Myocardial protection with endogenous overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 68, 1266–1271.
Li, G., Chen, Y., Saari, J. T., and Kang, Y. J. (1997) Catalase-overexpressing transgenic mouse heart is resistant to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am. J. Physiol. 273, H1090–H1095.
Zhu, H. L., Stewart, A. S., Taylor, M. D., Vijayasarathy, C., Gardner, T. J., and Sweeney, H. L. (2000) Blocking free radical production via adenoviral gene transfer decreases cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol. Ther. 2, 470–475.
Abunasra, H. J., Smolenski, R. T., Morrison, K., Yap, J., Sheppard, M. N., O’Brien, T., et al. (2001) Efficacy of adenoviral gene transfer with manganese superoxide dismutase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in reducing ischemia and reperfusion injury. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 20, 153–158.
Ho, Y. S., Magnenat, J. L., Gargano, M., and Cao, J. (1998) The nature of antioxidant defense mechanisms: A lesson from transgenic studies. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(S5), 1219–28.
Huang, T. T., Carlson, E. J., Raineri, I., Gillespie, A. M., Kozy, H., and Epstein, C., J. (1999) The use of transgenic and mutant mice to study oxygen free radical metabolism. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 893, 95–112.
Chen, Z., Siu, B., Ho, Y.S., Vincent, R., Chua, C. C., Hamdy, R. C., et al. (1998) Overexpression of MnSOD protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in transgenic mice. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30, 2281–2289.
Kang, Y. J., Li, G., and Saari, J. T. (1999) Metallothionein inhibits ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse heart. Am. J. Physiol. 276, H993–H997.
Horenstein, M. S., Vander Heide, R. S., and ĽEcuyer, T. J. (2000) Molecular basis of anthracyclin-induced cardiotoxicity and its prevention. Mol. Gen. Metab. 71, 436–444.
Mohamed, H. E., El-Swefy, S. E., and Hagar, H. H. (2000) The protective effect of glutathione administration on adriamycin-induced acute cardiac toxicity in rats. Pharmacol. Res. 42, 115–121.
Stathopoulos, G. P., Malamos, N. A., Dontas, I., Deliconstantinos, G., Perrea-Kotsareli, D., and Karayannacos, P. E. (1998) Inhibition of adriamycin cardiotoxicity by 5-fluorouracil: A potential free oxygen radical scavenger. Anticancer Res. 18, 4387–4392.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Roth, E., Hejjel, L. (2003). Oxygen Free Radicals in Heart Disease. In: Pugsley, M.K. (eds) Cardiac Drug Development Guide. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-404-2:47
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-404-2:47
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-097-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-404-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols