Abstract
The kinetics of O2, CO, and NO binding to mammalian hemoglobins (Hbs) have been studied for 75 yr, starting with the original rapid mixing experiments of Hartridge and Roughton (1). Over the last 20 yr, these measurements have been extended to time scales ranging from hours to picoseconds. Numerous articles have been written about rapid mixing and photolysis instruments, methods for defining specific association and dissociation rate constants, and algorithms for analyzing the results in terms of specific models for cooperative ligand binding (2–10). A comprehensive review of these techniques and methods, however, is beyond the scope of this book. Instead, a practical guide to determining rate constants for O2, CO, and NO binding to native and recombinant Hbs is presented, with a special emphasis on tetrameric adult human Hb (HbA).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hartridge, H. and Roughton, F. J. W. (1923) A method of measuring the velocity of very rapid chemical reactions. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 104, 376–394.
Gibson, Q. H. (1959) The kinetics of reactions between haemoglobins and gases, in Progress in Biophysical Chemistry, vol. 9 (Butler, J. A. and Katz, B., eds.), Pergamon, New York, pp. 1–53.
Gibson, Q. H. and Milnes, L. (1964) Apparatus for rapid and sensitive spectrophotometry. Biochem. J. 91(1), 161–171.
Gibson, Q. (1978) Flash photolysis techniques. Methods Enzymol. 54, 93–101.
Olson, J. S. (1981) Stopped-flow, rapid mixing measurements of ligand binding to hemoglobin and red cells. Methods Enzymol. 76, 631–651.
Olson, J. S. (1981) Numerical analysis of kinetic ligand binding data. Methods Enzymol. 76, 652–667.
Sawicki, C. A. and Morris, R. J. (1981) Flash photolysis of hemoglobin. Methods Enzymol. 76, 667–681.
Mathews, A. J. and Olson, J. S. (1994) Assignment of rate constants for O2 and CO binding to alpha and beta subunits within R-and T-state human hemoglobin. Methods Enzymol. 232, 363–386.
Henry, E. R., Jones, C. M., Hofrichter, J., and Eaton, W. A. (1997) Can a two-state MWC allosteric model explain hemoglobin kinetics? Biochemistry 36(21), 6511–6528.
Gibson, Q. H. (1999) Kinetics of oxygen binding to hemoglobin A. Biochemistry 38(16), 5191–5199.
Antonini, E., and Brunori, M. (1971) Hemoglobin and myoglobin in their reactions with ligands, in Frontiers in Biology (Neuberger, A. and Tatum, E. L., eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Sharma, V. S., Ranney, H. M., Geibel, J. F., and Traylor, T. G. (1975) A new method for the determination of ligand dissociation rate constant of carboxyhemoglobin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 66(4), 1301–1306.
Moore, E. and Gibson, Q. (1976) Cooperativity in the dissociation of nitric oxide from hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2788–2794.
Eich, R. F. (1997), Reactions of nitric oxide with myoglobin, PhD thesis, Rice University, Houston, TX.
Olson, J. S., and Phillips, G. N. Jr. (1996) Kinetic pathways and barriers for ligand binding to myoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 271(30), 17,593–17,596.
Gibson, Q. H. and Roughton, F. J. (1965) Further studies on the kinetics and equilibria of the reaction of nitric oxide with haemoproteins. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 163(991), 197–205.
Cassoly, R. and Gibson, Q. (1975) Conformation, co-operativity and ligand binding in human hemoglobin. J. Mol. Biol. 91(3), 301–313.
Scott, E. E., Gibson, Q. H., and Olson, J. S. (2001) Mapping the pathways for O2 entry into and exit from myoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 276(7), 5177–5188.
Monod, J., Wyman, J., and Changeux, J.-P. (1965) On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88–118.
Gibson, Q. H. and Edelstein, S. J. (1987) Oxygen binding and subunit interaction of hemoglobin in relation to the two-state model. J. Biol. Chem. 262(2), 516–519.
Ackers, G. K. (1998) Deciphering the molecular code of hemoglobin allostery. Adv. Protein Chem. 51, 185–253.
Gibson, Q. H. (1959) The Photochemical formation of a quickly reacting form of hemoglobin. Biochem. J. 71, 293–303.
Edelstein, S. J., Rehmar, M. J., Olson, J. S., and Gibson, Q. H. (1970) Functional aspects of the subunit association-dissociation equilibria of hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 245(17), 4372–4381.
Andersen, M. E., Moffat, J. K., and Gibson, Q. H. (1971) The kinetics of ligand binding and of the association-dissociation reactions of human hemoglobin: properties of deoxyhemoglobin dimers. J. Biol. Chem. 246(9), 2796–807.
McGovern, P., Reisberg, P., and Olson, J. S. (1976) Aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 251(24), 7871–7879.
Sharma, V. S., Schmidt, M. R., and Ranney, H. M. (1976) Dissociation of CO from carboxyhemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 251(14), 4267–4272.
Gibson, Q. H., Olson, J. S., McKinnie, R. E., and Rohlfs, R. J. (1986) A kinetic description of ligand binding to sperm whale myoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 261(22), 10,228–10,239.
Olson, J. S., Rohlfs, R. J., and Gibson, Q. H. (1987) Ligand recombination to the alpha and beta subunits of human hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 262(27), 12,930–12,938.
Sawicki, C. A. and Gibson, Q. H. (1976) Quaternary conformational changes in human hemoglobin studied by laser photolysis of carboxyhemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 251(6), 1533–1542.
Sawicki, C. A. and Gibson, Q. H. (1977) Properties of the T state of human oxyhemoglobin studies by laser photolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 252(21), 7538–7547.
Sawicki, C. A. and Gibson, Q. H. (1977) Quaternary conformational changes in human oxyhemoglobin studied by laser photolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 252(16), 5783–5788.
Olson, J. S., Andersen, M. E., and Gibson, Q. H. (1971) The dissociation of the first oxygen molecule from some mammalian oxyhemoglobins. J. Biol. Chem. 246(19), 5919–5923.
Reisberg, P. I. and Olson, J. S. (1980) Kinetic and cooperative mechanisms of ligand binding to hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 255(9), 4159–4169.
Reisberg, P. I. and Olson, J. S. (1980) Rates of isonitrile binding to the isolated alpha and beta subunits of human hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 255(9), 4151–4158.
Reisberg, P. I. and Olson, J. S. (1980) Equilibrium binding of alkyl isocyanides to human hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 255(9), 4144–4150.
Mathews, A. J., Olson, J. S., Renaud, J. P., Tame, J., and Nagai, K. (1991) The assignment of carbon monoxide association rate constants to the alpha and beta subunits in native and mutant human deoxyhemoglobin tetramers. J. Biol. Chem. 266(32), 21,631–21,639.
Mathews, A. J., Rohlfs, R. J., Olson, J. S., Tame, J., Renaud, J. P., and Nagai, K. (1989) The effects of E7 and E11 mutations on the kinetics of ligand binding to R state human hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 264(28), 16,573–16,583.
Unzai, S., Eich, R., Shibayama, N., Olson, J. S., and Morimoto, H. (1998) Rate constants for O2 and CO binding to the alpha and beta subunits within the R and T states of human hemoglobin [in process citation]. J. Biol. Chem. 273(36), 23,150–23,159.
Lemon, D. D., Nair, P. K., Boland, E. J., Olson, J. S., and Hellums, J. D. (1987) Physiological factors affecting O2 transport by hemoglobin in an in vitro capillary system. J. Appl. Physiol. 62(2), 798–806.
Page, T. C., Light, W. R., and Hellums, J. D. (1998) Prediction of microcirculatory oxygen transport by erythrocyte/hemoglobin solution mixtures. Microvasc. Res. 56(2), 113–126.
Eich, R. F., Li, T., Lemon, D. D., Doherty, D. H., Curry, S. R., Aitken, J. F., Mathews, A. J., Johnson, K. A., Smith, R. D., Phillips, G. N. Jr., and Olson, J. S. (1996) Mechanism of NO-induced oxidation of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Biochemistry 35(22), 6976–6983.
Sharma, V. S. and Ranney, H. M. (1978) The dissociation of NO from nitrosyl-hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 253(18), 6467–6472.
Beckman, J. S. and Koppenol, W. H. (1996) Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 271(5 Pt. 1), C1424–C1437.
Perutz, M. F., Kilmartin, J. V., Nagai, K., Szabo, A., and Simon, S. R. (1976) Influence of globin structures on the state of the heme. Ferrous low spin derivatives. Biochemistry 15(2), 378–387.
Hille, R., Olson, J. S., and Palmer, G. (1979) Spectral transitions of nitrosyl hemes during ligand binding to hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 254(23), 12,110–12,120.
Hille, R., Palmer, G., and Olson, J. S. (1977) Chain equivalence in reaction of nitric oxide with hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 252(1), 403–405.
Doyle, M. P., Pickering, R. A., DeWeert, T. M., Hoekstra, J. W., and Pater, D. (1981) Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of human deoxyhemoglobin by nitrites. J. Biol. Chem. 256(23), 12,393–12,398.
Wade, R. S. and Castro, C. E. (1996) Reactions of oxymyoglobin with NO, NO2, and NO2-under argon and in air. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 9(8), 1382–1390.
Stuehr, D. J. (1997) Structure-function aspects in the nitric oxide synthases. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 37, 339–359.
Gladwin, M. T., Ognibene, F. P., Pannell, L. K., Nichols, J. S., Pease-Fye, M. E., Shelhamer, J. H., and Schechter, A. N. (2000) Relative role of heme nitrosylation and beta-cysteine 93 nitrosation in the transport and metabolism of nitric oxide by hemoglobin in the human circulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97(18), 9943–9948.
Brunori, M. (2001) Nitric oxide moves myoglobin centre stage. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26(4), 209–210.
Brunori, M. (2001) Nitric oxide, cytochrome-c oxidase and myoglobin. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26(1), 21–23.
Thomas, D. D., Liu, X., Kantrow, S. P., and Lancaster, J. R. Jr. (2001) The biological lifetime of nitric oxide: implications for the perivascular dynamics of NO and O2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98(1), 355–360.
Gardner, P. R., Gardner, A. M., Martin, L. A., Dou, Y., Li, T., Olson, J. S., Zhu, H., and Riggs, A. F. (2000) Nitric-oxide dioxygenase activity and function of flavohemoglobins. sensitivity to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 275(41), 31,581–31,587.
Gardner, P. R., Gardner, A. M., Martin, L. A., and Salzman, A. L. (1998) Nitric oxide dioxygenase: an enzymic function for flavohemoglobin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95(18), 10,378–10,383.
Gardner, A. M., Martin, L. A., Gardner, P. R., Dou, Y., and Olson, J. S. (2000) Steady-state and transient kinetics of Escherichia coli nitric-oxide dioxygenase (flavohemoglobin). The B10 tyrosine hydroxyl is essential for dioxygen binding and catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 275(17), 12,581–12,589.
Liu, X., Miller, M. J., Joshi, M. S., Sadowska-Krowicka, H., Clark, D. A., and Lancaster, J. R. Jr. (1998) Diffusion-limited reaction of free nitric oxide with erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273(30), 18,709–18,713.
Doherty, D. H., Doyle, M. P., Curry, S. R., Vali, R. J., Fattor, T. J., Olson, J. S., and Lemon, D. D. (1998) Rate of reaction with nitric oxide determines the hypertensive effect of cell-free hemoglobin [see comments]. Nat. Biotechnol. 16(7), 672–676.
Olson, J. S. (1994) Genetic engineering of myoglobin as a simple prototype for hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 22(3), 429–441.
Olson, J. S., Eich, R. F., Smith, L. P., Warren, J. J., and Knowles, B. C. (1997) Protein engineering strategies for designing more stable hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. Artif. Cells Blood Substit Immobil. Biotechnol. 25(1–2), 227–241.
Tsai, C. H., Fang, T. Y., Ho, N. T., and Ho, C. (2000) Novel recombinant hemoglobin, rHb (beta N108Q), with low oxygen affinity, high cooperativity, and stability against autoxidation. Biochemistry 39(45), 13,719–13,729.
Herold, S. (1999) Kinetic and spectroscopic characterization of an intermediate peroxynitrite complex in the nitrogen monoxide induced oxidation of oxyhemoglobin. FEBS Lett. 443(1), 81–84.
Herold, S., Exner, M., and Nauser, T. (2001) Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the NO*-mediated oxidation of oxymyoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. Biochemistry 40(11), 3385–3395.
Herold, S. (1999) Mechanistic studies of the oxidation of pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate by nitrogen monoxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 372(2), 393–398.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Olson, J.S., Foley, E.W., Maillett, D.H., Paster, E.V. (2003). Measurement of Rate Constants for Reactions of O2, CO, and NO with Hemoglobin. In: Nagel, R.L. (eds) Hemoglobin Disorders. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 82. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-373-9:065
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-373-9:065
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-962-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-373-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols