Abstract
Antibody libraries expressed on the surface of filamentous phage are proven to be a valuable tool in isolating antibodies specific for a wide variety of antigens (for review, see ref. 1). As it is assumed that the probability of isolating high affinity binders is related to the initial library size (2), the construction of large libraries representing a high diversity of molecules is a central goal of recombinant antibody technology. In addition to generate antibody libraries from naïve B-cell repertoires (3–6), germline sequences (7) or immunized donors (8), it is also possible to make use of the available information on antibody structure to generate diversity by including short stretches of random sequences in carefully chosen parts of the antibody.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hoogenboom H. R., De Bruine A. P., Hufton S. E., Hort R. M., Arends J. W., and Roovers R. C. (1998). Antibody phage display technology and its applications. Immunotechniques 4, 1–20.
Perelson A. S. (1989). Immune network theory. Immunol. Rev. 100, 5–36.
Vaughan T. J, Williams A. J., Pritchard K., Osbourn J. K., Pope A. R., Earnshaw J. C., et al. (1996). Human antibodies with sub-nanomolar affinities from a large non-immunized phage display library. Nature Biotechnol. 14, 309–314.
Sheets M. D., Amersdorfer P., Finnern R., Sargent P., Lindqvist E., Schier R., et al. (1998). Efficient construction of a large non-immune phage antibody library — The production of high-affinity human single-chain antibodies to protein antigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6157–6162.
De Haard H. J., Van Neer N., Reurs A, Hufton S. E., Roovers R. C., Henderikx P., et al. (1999). A large non-immunized human Fab fragment phage library that permits rapid isolation and kinetic analysis of high affinity antibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 18,218–18,230.
Little M., Welschof M., Braunagel M., Hermes I., Christ C., Keller A., et al. (1999). Generation of a large complex antibody library from multiple donors. J. Immunol. Methods 231, 3–9.
Griffiths A. D., Williams S. C., Hartley O., Tomlinson I. M., Waterhouse P., Crosby W. L., et al. (1994). Isolation of high affinity human antibodies directly from large synthetic repertoires. EMBO J. 13, 3245–3260.
Barbas C. F., Bain J. D., Hoekstra D. M., and Lerner R. A. (1992). Semisynthetic combinatorial antibody libraries: a chemical solution to the diversity problem. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4457–4461.
Poljak R. J., Amzel L. M., Avery H, Chen B. L., Phizackerley R. P., and Saul F. (1973). Three-dimensional structure of the Fab-fragment of a human immunoglobulin on 2,8A resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 3305–3310.
Wu T. and Kabat E. (1971). Attempts to locate complementarity-determining regions residues in the variable positions of light and heavy chains. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 190, 382–393.
Hoogenboom H. R. and Winter G. (1992). By-passing immunisation: Human antibodies from synthetic repertoires of germline VH gene segments rearranged in vitro. J. Mol. Biol. 227, 381–388.
Barbas C. F., Bain J. D., Hoekstra D. M., and Lerner R. A. (1992). Semisynthetic combinatorial antibody libraries: a chemical solution to the diversity problem. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4457–4461.
Barbas C. F., Amberg W., Simoncsits A., Jones T. M., and Lerner R. A. (1993). Selection of human anti-hapten antibodies from semi-synthetic libraries. Gene 137, 57–62.
Hayashi N., Welschof M., Zewe M., Braunagel M., Dubel S., Breitling F., and Little M. (1994). Simultaneous mutagenesis of antibody CDR regions by overlap extension and PCR. Biotechniques 17, 310, 312, 314–315.
Nissim A., Hoogenboom H. R., Tomlinson I. M., Flynn G., Midgley C., Lane D., and Winter G. (1994). Antibody fragments from a —single pot—phage display library as immunochemical reagents. EMBO J. 13, 692–698.
De Kruif J., Boel E., and Logtenberg T. (1995). Selection and application of human single chain Fv antibody fragments from a semi-synthetic phage antibody display library with designed CDR3 regions. J. Mol. Biol. 248, 97–105.
Braunagel M. and Little M. (1997). Construction of a semisynthetic antibody library using trinucleotide oligos. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 4690–4691.
Barbas C. F., Hu D., Dunlop N., Sawyer L., Cababa D., Hendry R. M., et al. (1994). In vitro evolution of a neutralizing human antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to enhance affinity and broaden strain cross-reactivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3809–3813.
Hemminki A., Niemi S., Hoffren A. M., Hakalahti L., Soderlund H., and Takkinen K. (1998). Specificity improvement of a recombinant anti-testosterone Fab fragment by CDRIII mutagenesis and phage display selection. Protein Eng. 11, 311–319.
Lamminmaki U., Pauperio S., Westerlund-Karlsson A., Karvinen J., Virtanen P. L., Lovgren T., and Saviranta P. (1999). Expanding the conformational diversity by random insertions in CDRH2 results in improved anti-estradiol antibodies. J. Mol. Biol. 291, 589–602.
Yang W. P., Green K., Pinz-Sweeney S., Briones A. T., Burton D. R., and Barbas C. F. (1995). CDR walking mutagenesis for the affinity maturation of a potent human anti-HIV-1 antibody into the picomolar range. J. Mol. Biol. 25, 392–403.
Schier R., McCall A., Adams G. P., Marhall K. W., Merritt H., Yim M., et al. (1996b) Isolation of picomolar affinity anti-c-erbb-2 single-chain Fv by molecular evolution of the complementarity determining regions in the center of the antibody binding site. J. Mol. Biol. 263, 551–567.
Wu H., Beuerlein G., Nie Y., Smith H., Lee B. A., Hensler M., et al. (1998). Stepwise in vitro affinity maturation of Vitaxin, an alpha(v)beta(3)-specific humanized Mab. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6037–6042.
Knappik A., Ge L., Honegger A., Pack P., Fischer M., Wellnhofer G., et al. (2000). Fully synthetic human combinatorial libraries (HuCAL) based on modular consensus frameworks and CDRs randomized with trinucleotides. J. Mol. Biol. 296, 57–86.
Chothia C., and Lesk A. M. (1987). Canonical structures for the hypervariable regions of immunoglobulins. J. Mol. Biol. 196, 901–917.
Chothia C., Lesk A. M., Tramontano A., Levitt M., Smith-Gill S. J., Air G., et al. (1989). Conformations of immunoglobulin hypervariable regions. Nature 342, 877–883.
Chothia C., Lesk A. M., Gherardi E., Tomlinson I. M., Walter G., Marks J. D., et al. (1992). Structural repertoire of the human VH segments. J. Mol. Biol. 227, 799–817.
Rees A. R., Martin A. C. R., Pedersen J. T., and Searle S. M. J. (1992)ABM/YTM, A Computer Program for Modelling Variable Regions of Antibodies. Oxford Molecular Ltd., Oxford, UK.
Virnekas B., Ge L., Pluckthun A., Schneider K. C., Wellnhofer G., and Moroney S. E. (1994). Trinucleotide phosphoramidites: ideal reagents for the synthesis of mixed oligonucleotides for random mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 5600–5607.
Lyttle M. H., Napolitano E. W., Calio B. L., and Kauvar L. M. (1995). Mutagenesis using trinucleotide betacyanoethyl phosphoramidites. Biotechniques 19, 274–281.
Kayushin A. L., Korosteleva M. D., Miroshnikov A. I., Kosch W., Zubov D., and Piel N. (1996). A convenient approach to the synthesis of trinucleotide phosphoramiditessynthons for the generation of oligonucleotide/peptide libraries. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3748–3755.
Marks J. D., Griffiths A. D., Malmqvist M., Clackson T. P., Bye J. M., and Winter G. (1992). By-passing immunization: building high affinity human antibodies by chain shuffling. Biotechnology (NY) 10, 779–783.
Welschof M., Terness P., Kipriyanov S. M., Stanescu D., Breitling F., Dörsam H., et al. (1997). The antigen-binding domain of a human IgG-anti-F(ab′)2 autoantibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1902–1907.
Dorsam H., Braunagel M., Kleist C., Moynet D., and Welschof M. (1996). Screening of phage-displayed antibody libraries in Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol. 13: Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, (Reischl U., ed.), Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, 605–614.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Braunagel, M. (2003). Construction of Semisynthetic Antibody Libraries. In: Welschof, M., Krauss, J. (eds) Recombinant Antibodies for Cancer Therapy. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 207. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-334-8:123
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-334-8:123
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-918-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-334-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols