Peptide Research Protocols pp 21-36 | Cite as
Analysis of Endothelins by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Radioimmunoassay
- 419 Downloads
Abstract
This chapter describes procedures for the measurement of endothelin peptides by antibodies, focusing on the two main immunoassay techniques that are widely used. In a two-site “sandwich” enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) one antibody is immobilized to a solid phase and captures the endothelin (ET) peptide(s), which is quantified by the binding to this complex of a second, enzyme-labeled antibody in the liquid phase. In a radioimmunoassay (RIA), the ET peptide(s) to be measured competes for the binding of a fixed concentration of radiolabeled peptide to a fixed concentration of antibody in the liquid phase. In contrast to the ELISA, the immune complex measured in a RIA does not contain the analyte and therefore inverse (falling) standard curves of peptide concentration vs bound labeled peptide are produced. For a more detailed discussion of the two techniques, refs. 1 and 2 are recommended.
Keywords
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Sandwich ELISAs Magnetic Rack Vasoactive Intestinal ContractorReferences
- 1.Gosling J.P. (ed.) (2000) ELISA Immunoassays. OUP, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
- 2.Chard T. (1990) An Introduction to Radioimmunoassay and Related Techniques. (Burton R.H. and van Knippenberg P.H., eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
- 3.Davenport A.P. and Russell F.D. (2001) Endothelin converting enzymes and endothelin receptor localization in human tissues, in Handbook Exp. Pharmacol. vol.152 (Warner T.D., ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp.209-237.Google Scholar
- 4.Russell F.D., Skepper J.N., and Davenport A.P. (1998) Human endothelial cell storage granules:a novel intracellular site for isoforms of the endothelin converting enzyme. Circ. Res. 83, 314–321.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Haynes W.G. and Webb D.J. (1994) Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone. Lancet 344, 852–854.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Bacon C.R., Cary N.R.B., and Davenport A.P. (1996) Endothelin peptide and receptors in human atherosclerotic coronary artery and aorta. Circ. Res. 79, 794–801.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Kurihara H., Yoshizumi M., Sugiyama T., Yamaoki K., Nagai R., Takaku F., Satih H., Inui J., Yanagisawa M., and Masaki T. (1989) The possible role of endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of coronary vasospasm. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13(Suppl 5), S132–S137.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Wei C.M., Lerman A., Rodeheffer R.J., McGregor C.G., Brandt R.R., Wright S., et al. (1994) Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circ. 89(4), 1580–1586.Google Scholar
- 9.Monge J.C. (1998) Neurohormonal markers of the clinical outcome of cardiovascular disease:is endothelin the best one? J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 32(Suppl 2), S36–S42.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.O’ Reilly G., Charnock-Jones D.S., Morrison J.J., Cameron I.T., Davenport A.P., and Smith S.K. (1993) Alternatively spliced mRNA’ s for human endothelin-2 and their tissue distribution. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commum. 193, 834–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Plumpton C., Ashby M.J., Kuc R.E., O’ Reilly G., and Davenport A.P. (1996) Expression of endothelin peptides and mRNA in the human heart. Clin. Sci. 90, 37–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Maguire J.J. and Davenport A.P. (1995) ETA receptors mediate the constrictor responses to endothelin peptides in human blood vessels in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115, 191–197.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Howard P.G., Plumpton C., and Davenport A.P. (1992) Anatomical localization and pharmacological activity of mature endothelins and their precursors in human vascular tissue. J. Hypertens. 10, 1379–1386.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Matsumoto H., Suzuki N., Kitada C., and Fujino M. (1994) Endothelin family peptides in human plasma and urine:their molecular forms and concentrations. Peptides 15, 505–510.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Plumpton C., Champeney R., Ashby M.J., Kuc R.E., and Davenport A.P. (1993) Characterisation of endothelin isoforms in human heart:Endothelin-2 demonstrated. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl 8), 26–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Suzuki N., Matsumoto H., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T., Tsuda M., and Fujino M. (1990) Endothelin-3 concentrations in human plasma:increased concentrations in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commum. 169, 809–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Davenport A.P., Plumpton C., Ferro C.J., Webb D.J., and Horton J. (1998) Systemic infusion of an endothelin receptor antagonist increases plasma ET-3 in humans. Br. J. Pharmacol. 123, 290P.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Takahashi K., Ghatei M.A., Jones P.M., Murphey J.K., Lam H.C., O’Haloran D.J., and Bloom S.R. (1991) Endothelin in human brain and pituitary gland:presence of immunoreactive endothelin, endothelin messenger ribonucleic acid, and endothelin receptors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72, 693–699.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Plumpton C., Horton J., Kalinka K.S., Martin R. and Davenport A.P. (1994) Effects of phosphoramidon and pepstatin A on the secretion of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells:Measurement by two-site ELISAs. Clin. Sci. 87, 245–251.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Davenport A.P., Ashby M.J., Easton P., Ella S., Bedford J., Dickerson C., et al. (1990) A sensitive radioimmunoassay measuring endothelin-like immunoreactivity in human plasma:comparison of levels in essential hypertension and normotensive controls. Clin. Sci. 78, 261–264.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Plumpton C., Haynes W.G., Webb D.J., and Davenport A.P. (1995) Phosphoramidon inhibition of the in vivo conversion of big endothelin-1 to endothelin-1 in the human forearm. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115, 1821–1828.Google Scholar
- 22.Plumpton C., Haynes W.G., Webb D.J., and Davenport A.P. (1995) Measurement of C-terminal fragment of big endothelin-1:A novel method for assessing the generation of endothelin-1 in human. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl 3), S34–S36.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 23.Plumpton C., Ferro C.J., Haynes W.G., Webb D.J., and Davenport A.P. (1996) The increase in human plasma immunoreactive endothelin but not big endothelin-1 or its C-terminal induced by systemic administration of the endothelin antagonist TAK-044. Br. J. Pharmacol. 119, 311–314.PubMedGoogle Scholar