Abstract
Until the heterologous expression of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) was demonstrated, scientists working with transgenic organisms had no good alternative to using destructive visible genetic markers. Genes coding luciferase (1) and β-glucuronidase (2) are the most popular destructive marker genes that have been successfully used in transgenic plants. Although these markers code for sensitive enzymes that have linear dose responses, they require expensive substrates, and are limited to laboratory uses. Most of all, they cannot be used to assay living tissue directly.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ow, D. W., Wood, K. V., de Luca, M., deWet, J. R., Helinski, D. R., and Howell, S. H. (1986) Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants. Science 234, 856–859.
Jefferson, R. A. (1989) The GUS reporter gene system. Nature 342, 837–838.
Leffel, S. M., Mabon, S. A., and Stewart, C. N., Jr. (1997) Applications of green fluorescent protein in plants. BioTechniques 23, 912–918.
Harper, B. K., Mabon, S. A., Leffel, S. M., Halfhill, M. D., Richards, H. A., Moyer, K. A. et al. (1999) Green fluorescent protein as a marker for expression of a second gene in transgenic plants. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 1125–1129.
Haseloff, J., Siemering, K. R., Prasher, D. C., and Hodge, S. (1997) Removal of a cryptic intron and subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein are required to mark transgenic Arabidopsis plants brightly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2122–2127.
Siemering, K. R., Golbik, R., Sever, R., and Haseloff, J. (1996) Mutations that suppress the thermosensitivity of green fluorescent protein. Curr. Biol. 6, 1653–1663.
Heim, R., Cubitt, A. B., and Tsien, R. Y. (1995) Improved green fluorescence. Nature 373, 663–664.
Chiu, W. L., Niwa, Y., Zeng, W., Hirano, T., Kobayashi, H., and Sheen, J. (1996) Engineered GFP as a vital reporter in plants. Curr. Biol. 6, 325–330.
Yang, T.-T., Cheng, L., and Kain, S. R. (1996) Optimized codon usage and chromophore mutations provide enhanced sensitivity with the green fluorescent protein. Nucl. Acid Res. 24, 4592–4593.
Pang, S.-Z., DeBoer, D. L., Wan, Y., Ye, G., Layton, J. G., Neher, M. K., et al. (1996) An improved green fluorescent protein gene as a vital marker in plants. Plant Physiol. 112, 893–900.
Davis, S. J. and Vierstra, R. D. (1998) Soluble, highly fluorescent variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP) for use in higher plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 36, 521–528.
Matz, M. V., Fradkov, A. F., Labas, Y. A., Savitsky, A. P., Zaraisky, A. G., Markelov, M. L., et al. (1999) Fluorescent proteins from nonbioluminescent Anthozoa species. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 969–973.
Ward, W. W. (1998) Biochemical and physical properties of green fluorescent protein, in.Green Fluorescent Protein: Properties, Applications, and Protocols(Chalfie,M.and Kain,S.R.,eds.) Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, 45–75.
Ponappa, T., Brzozowski, A. E., and Finer, J. J. (2000) Transient expression and stable transformation of soybean using jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP).Plant Cell Rep. 19, 6–12.
Elliot, A. R., Campbell, J. A., Dugdale, B., Brettell, R. I. S., and Grof, C. P. L.(1999) Green-fluorescent protein facilitates rapid in vivo detection of genetically transformed plant cells. Plant Cell Rep. 18, 707–714.
Ghorbel, R., Juarez, J., Navarro, L., and Pena, L. (1999) Green fluorescent protein as a screenable marker to increase the efficiency of generating transgenic woody fruit plants. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99, 350–358.
Molinier, J., Himber, C., and Hahne, G. (2000). Use of green fluorescent protein for detection of transformed shoots and homozygous offspring. Plant Cell Rep. 19, 219–223.
McCormac, A. C., Wu, H., Bao, M., Wang, Y., Xu, R., Elliot, M. C., et al. (1998) The use of visual marker genes as cell-specific reporters of Agrobacterium-medi-ated T-DNA delivery to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Euphytica 99, 17–25.
Maximova, S. N., Dandekar, A. M., and Guiltinan, M. J. (1998) Investigation of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of apple using green fluorescent protein:high transient expression and low stable transformation suggest that factors other than T-DNA transfer are rate-limiting. Plant Mol. Biol. 37, 549–559.
Elliot, A. R., Campbell, J. A., Brettell, I. S., and Grof, P. L. (1998) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sugarcane using GFP as a screenable marker. Aust. J.Plant Physiol. 25, 739–743.
Ahlandsberg, S., Sathish, P., Sun, C., and Jansson, C. (1999) Green fluorescent protein as a reporter system in the transformation of barley cultivars. Physiol.Plant. 107, 194–200.
Vain, P., Worland, B., Kohli, A., Snape, J., and Christou, P. (2000) The green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a vital screenable marker in rice transformation.Theor. Appl. Genet. 96, 164–169.
Kaeppler, H. F., Menon, G. K., Skadsen, R. W., Nuutila, A. M., and Carlson, A.R. (2000) Transgenic oat plants via visual selection of cells expressing green fluo-rescent protein. Plant Cell Rep. 19, 661–666.
Stewart, C. N., Jr., Adang, M. J., All, J. N, Raymer, P. L., Ramachsndran, S., and Parrott, W. A. (1996) Insect control and dosage effects in transgenic canola, Bras-sica napus L. (Brassicaceae), containing a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cry IAc gene. Plant Physiol. 112, 115–120
Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plantarum 15, 473–497.
Ellenberg, J., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., and Presley, J. F. (1998) Two-color green fluorescent protein time-lapse imaging. BioTechniques 25, 838–846.
van der Geest, A. H. M., and Petolino, J. F. (1998). Expression of a modified green fluorescent protein gene in transgenic maize plants and progeny. Plant Cell Rep. 17, 760–764.
Rizzuto, R., Carrington, W., and Tuft, R. A. (1998) Digital imaging microscopy of living cells. Trends Cell Biol. 8, 288–292.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Stewart, C.N., Halfhill, M.D., Millwood, R.J. (2002). Green Fluorescent Protein inTransgenic Plants. In: Hicks, B.W. (eds) Green Fluorescent Protein. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 183. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-280-5:245
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-280-5:245
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-905-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-280-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols