Abstract
Circadian rhythmicity is a prominent feature of many important biologic functions. Failure to take such variation into account when performing assays may lead to increased assay variation or, most importantly, an erroneous result. Circadian rhythms of immunologic relevance include variation in the number of circulating T cells (1), the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (2), the phagocytic index (3), and urinary neopterin secretion (4).
References
Miyawaki, T., Taga, K., Nagaoki, T., Seki, H., Suzuki, Y., and Taniguchi, N. (1984) Circadian changes of T lymphocyte subsets in human peripheral blood. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 55, 618ā622.
Indiveri, F., Pierri, I., Rogna, S., Poggi, A., Montaldo, P., Romano, R., et al. (1985) Circadian variations of autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions and endogenous cortisol. J. Immunol. Methods 82, 17ā24.
Melchart, D., Martin, P., Hallek, M., Holzmann, M., Jurcic, X., and Wagner, H. (1992) Circadian variation of the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and of various other parameters in 13 healthy male adults. Chronobiol. Int. 9, 35ā45.
Auzeby, A., Bogdan, A., Krosi, Z., and Touitou, Y. (1988) Time-dependence of urinary neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activity. Clin. Chem. 34,1866ā1867.
Petrovsky, N. and Harrison, L. C. (1995) Cytokine-based human whole blood assay for the detection of antigen-reactive T cells. J. Immunol. Methods 186, 37ā46.
Daynes, R. A. and Araneo, B. A. (1992) Natural regulators of T-cell lymphokine production in vivo. J. Immunother. 12, 174ā179.
Romani, L., Puccetti, P., Mencacci, A., Cenci, E., Spaccapelo, R., Tonnetti, L., et al. (1994) Neutralization of IL-10 up-regulates nitric oxide production and protects susceptible mice from challenge with Candida albicans. J. Immunol. 152,3514ā3521.
De Groote, D., Zangerle, P. F., Gevaert, Y., Fassotte, M. F., Beguin, Y., NoizatPirenne, F., et al. (1992) Direct stimulation of cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-2, IFN-gamma and GM-CSF) in whole blood. I. Comparison with isolated PBMC stimulation. Cytokine 4, 239ā248.
Kalechman, Y., Herman, S., Gafter, U., and Sredni, B. (1993) Enhancing effects of autologous erythrocytes on human or mouse cytokine secretion and IL-2R expression. Cell. Immunol. 148, 114ā129.
Hao, X. S., Le, J. M., Vilcek, J., and Chang, T. W. (1986) Determination of human T cell activity in response to allogeneic cells and mitogens. An immunochemical assay for gamma-interferon is more sensitive and specific than a proliferation assay. J. Immunol. Methods 92, 59ā63.
Mosmann, T. R. and Coffman, R. L. (1989) TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev Immunol. 7, 145ā173.
Rothel, J. S., Jones, S. L., Corner, L. A., Cox, J. C., and Wood, P. R. (1992) The gamma-interferon assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle: conditions affecting the production of gamma-interferon in whole blood culture. Aust. Vet. J. 69, 1ā4.
Karttunen, R., Ilonen, J., and Herva, E. (1985) Interleukin 2 production in whole blood culture: a rapid test of immunity to Francisella tularensis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22,318ā319.
Weir, R. E., Morgan, A. R., Britton, W. J., Butlin, C. R., and Dockrell, H. M. (1994) Development of a whole blood assay to measure T cell responses to leprosy: a new tool for immuno-epidemiological field studies of leprosy immunity. J. Immunol. Methods 176, 93ā101.
Frankenburg, S. (1988) A simplified microtechnique for measuring human lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation with mitogen and specific antigen. J. Immunol. Methods 112, 177ā182.
Petrovsky, N., McNair, P., and Harrison, L. C. (1998) Diurnal rhythms of proinflammatory cytokines: regulation by plasma cortisol and therapeutic implications. Cytokine 10, 307ā312.
Gudewill, S., Pollmacher, T., Vedder, H., Schreiber, W., Fassbender, K., and Holsboer, F. (1992) Nocturnal plasma levels of cytokines in healthy men. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 242, 53ā56.
Sothern, R. B., Roitman-Johnson, B., Kanabrocki, E. L., Yager, J. G., Fuerstenberg, R. K., Weatherbee, J. A., et al. (1995) Circadian characteristics of interleukin-6 in blood and urine of clinically healthy men. In Vivo 9, 331ā339.
Sothern, R. B., Roitman-Johnson, B., Kanabrocki, E. L., Yager, J. G., Roodell, M. M., Weatherbee, J. A., et al. (1995) Circadian characteristics of circulating interleukin-6 in men. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 95,1029ā1035.
Akbulut, H., Icli, F., Buyukcelik, A., Akbulut, K., and Demirci, S. (1999) The role of granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor, cortisol, and melatonin in the regulation of the circadian rhythms of peripheral blood cells in healthy volunteers and patients with breast cancer. J. Pineal Res. 26,1.
Lissoni, P., Rovelli, F., Brivio, F., and Fumagalli, L. (1998) Circadian secretions of IL-2, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-10 in relation to the light/dark rhythm of the pineal hormone melatonin in healthy humans. Nat. Immun. 16, 1.
Liebmann, P., Reibnegger, G., Lehofer, M., Moser, M., Purstner, P., Mangge, H., et al. (1998) Circadian rhythm of the soluble p75 tumour necrosis factor (sTNF-R75) receptor in humansāa possible explanation for the circadian kinetics of TNF-alpha effects. Int. Immunol. 10,1393.
Lemmer, B., Schwulera, U., Thrun, A., and Lissner, R. (1992) Circadian rhythm of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in healthy individuals. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 3,335ā336.
Jones, A. C., Besley, C. R., Warner, J. A., and Warner, J. O. (1994) Variations in serum soluble IL-2 receptor concentration. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 5,230ā234.
Petrovsky, N., McNair, P., and Harrison, L. C. (1994) Circadian rhythmicity of interferon-gamma production in antigen-stimulated whole blood. Chronobiologia 21, 293ā300.
Petrovsky, N. and Harrison, L. C. (1997) Diurnal rhythmicity of human cytokine production: a dynamic disequilibrium in T helper cell type 1/T helper cell type 2 balance? J. Immunol. 158, 5163ā5138.
Mojon, A., Fernandez, J. R., and Hermida, R. C. (1992) Chronolab: an interactive software package for chronobiologic time series analysis written for the Macintosh computer. Chronobiol. Int. 9,403ā412.
Angeli, A., Gatti, G., Sartori, M. L., and Masera, R. G. (1992) Chronobiological aspects of the neuroendocrine-immune network. Regulation of human natural killer (NK) cell activity as a model. Chronobiologia 19, 93ā110.
Kunicka, J. E., Talle, M. A., Denhardt, G. H., Brown, M., Prince, L. A., and Goldstein, G. (1993) Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of production of multiple lymphokines by in vivo administration of dexamethasone. Cell. Immunol. 149, 39ā49.
Bejarano, M. T., de WaalMalefyt, R., Abrams, J. S., Bigler, M., Bacchetta, R., deVries, J. E., et al. (1992) Interleukin 10 inhibits allogeneic proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses generated in primary mixed lymphocyte cultures. Int. Immunol. 4,1389ā1397.
Kelso, A. and Munck, A. (1984) Glucocorticoid inhibition of lymphokine secretion by alloreactive T lymphocyte clones. J. Immunol. 133, 784ā791.
Mukaida, N., Gussella, G. L., Kasahara, T., Ko, Y., Zachariae, C. O., Kawai, T., et al. (1992) Molecular analysis of the inhibition of interleukin-8 production by dexamethasone in a human fibrosarcoma cell line. Immunology 75, 674ā679.
Ray, A., LaForge, K. S., and Sehgal, P. B. (1990) On the mechanism for efficient repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by glucocorticoids: enhancer, TATA box, and RNA start site (Inr motif) occlusion. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 5736ā5746.
Li, L., Elliott, J. F., and Mosmann, T. R. (1994) IL-10 inhibits cytokine production, vascular leakage, and swelling during T helper 1 cell-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 153, 3967ā3978.
Harkness, J. A., Richter, M. B., Panayi, G. S., Van de Pette, K., Unger, A., Pownall, R., et al. (1982) Circadian variation in disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. 284, 551ā554.
Arvidson, N. G., Gudbjornsson, B., Elfman, L., Ryden, A. C., Totterman, T. H., and Hallgren, R. (1994) Circadian rhythm of serum interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 53, 521ā524.
Crofford, L. J., Kalogeras, K. T., Mastorakos, G., Magiakou, M. A., Wells, J., Kanik, K. S., et al. (1997) Circadian relationships between interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones: failure of IL-6 to cause sustained hypercortisolism in patients with early untreated rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin.Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 1279ā1283.
Jarjour, N. N. and Busse, W. W. (1995) Cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with nocturnal asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152,1474ā1477.
Morrey, K. M., McLachlan, J. A., Serkin, C. D., and Bakouche, O. (1994) Activation of human monocytes by the pineal hormone melatonin. J. Immunol. 153, 2671ā2680.
Colombo, L. L., Chen, G. J., Lopez, M. C., and Watson, R. R. (1992) Melatonin induced increase in gamma-interferon production by murine splenocytes. Immunol. Lett. 33, 123ā126.
Maestroni, G. J., Conti, A., and Pierpaoli, W. (1986) Role of the pineal gland in immunity. Circadian synthesis and release of melatonin modulates the antibody response and antagonizes the immunosuppressive effect of corticosterone J. Neuroimmunol. 13, 19ā30.
Rook, G. A., Hernandez-Pando, R., and Lightman, S. L. (1994) Hormones, peripherally activated prohormones and regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance. Immunol. Today 15, 301ā303.
Warwick-Davies, J., Lowrie, D. B., and Cole, P. J. (1995) Growth hormone is a human macrophage activating factor. Priming of human monocytes for enhanced release of H2O2. J. Immunol. 154, 1909ā1918.
Comsa, J., Leonhardt, H., and Schwarz, J. A. (1975) Influence of the thymuscorticotropin-growth hormone interaction on the rejection of skin allografts in the rat. Ann. NYAcad. Sci. 249, 387ā401.
Nagy, E., Berczi, I., and Friesen, H. G. (1983) Regulation of immunity in rats by lactogenic and growth hormones. Acta Endocrinol. 102, 351ā357.
Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Tancini, G., Brivio, F., Tisi, E., Zubelewicz, B., et al. (1994) Role of the pineal gland in the control of macrophage functions and its possible implication in cancer: a study of interactions between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the pineal hormone melatonin. J. Biol. Regul. Homeostatic Agents 8,126ā129.
Lissoni, P., Pittalis, S., Rovelli, F., Zecchini, S., Casati, M., Tremolada, M., et al. (1996) Immunomodulatory properties of a pineal indole hormone other than melatonin, the 5-methoxytryptophol. J. Biolog. Regul. Homeostatic Agents 10,27ā30.
Covelli, V., Massari, F., Fallacara, C., Munno, I., Jirillo, E., Savastano, S., et al. (1992) Interleukin-1 beta and beta-endorphin circadian rhythms are inversely related in normal and stress-altered sleep. Int. J. Neurosci. 63, 299ā305.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Petrovsky, N. (2001). Whole Blood Assays and the Influence of Circadian Rhythmicity on Human Cytokine Measurement. In: OāNeill, L.A.J., Bowie, A. (eds) Interleukin Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicineā¢, vol 60. Springer, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-146-9:163
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-146-9:163
Publisher Name: Springer, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-738-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-146-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols