Abstract
Cytokines produced by a variety of cells in response to stimuli are important in the regulation of physiologic and immunologic processes; tremendous efforts have been made to study cytokine profiles in various physiologic and disease conditions. Bioluminescent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (BL RT-PCR) has been especially useful for the quantitation of cytokine mRNA during parasitic infections (1– 8). RT-PCR has the advantage of target amplification, requiring only small amounts of RNA (9). By combining the advantages of RT-PCR with the sensitivity, stability, and the unique properties of the photoprotein aequorin, the bioluminescent system becomes an obvious alternate choice for analytic applications of cytokine RT-PCR.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Actor, J. K., Olsen, M., Boven, L. A., Werner, N., Stults, N. L., Hunter, R. L., and Smith, D. F. (1996) A bioluminescent assay using AquaLite for RT-PCR Amplified RNA from mouse lung. J. NIH Res. 8, 62.
Actor, J. K., Kuffner, T., Dezzutti, C. S., Hunter, R. L., and McNicholl, J. M.(1998) A flash-type bioluminescence immunoassay that is more sensitive thanradioimaging: quantitative detection of cytokine cDNA in activated and restinghuman cells. J. Immunol. Methods 211, 65–77.
Actor, J. K., Limor, J. R., and Hunter, R. L. (1999) A flexible bioluminescent-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for analysis of competitive PCRamplicons. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 13, 40–47.
Jagannath, C., Actor, J. K., and Hunter, R. L. (1998) Induction of nitric oxide inhuman monocytes and monocyte cell lines by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nitric Oxide 2, 174–186.
Jagannath, C., Pai, S., Actor, J. K., and Hunter, R. L., Jr. (1999) CRL-1072 enhancesantimy cob acterial activity of human macrophages through interleukin-8. J. Inter-feron Cytokine Res. 19, 67–76.
Xiao, L., Yang, C., Nelson, C. O., Holloway, B. P., Udhayakumar, V., and Lal, A. A. (1996) Quantitation of RT-PCR amplified cytokine mRNA by aequorin-based bioluminescence immunoassay. J. Immunol. Methods 199, 139–147.
Xiao, L., Owen, S. M., Rudolph, D. L., Lal, R. B., and Lal, A. A. (1998) Plasmo-diumfalciparum antigen-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replicationis mediated through induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 437–445.
Jennings, V. M., Actor, J. K., and Hunter, R. L. (1997) Cytokine profile suggestingthat cerebral malaria is an encephalitis. Infect. Immun. 65, 4883–4887.
Babu, J. S., Kanangat, S., and Rouse, B. T. (1993) Limitations and modificationsof quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Application to measurement of multiplemRNAs present in small amounts of sample RNA. J. Immunol. Methods 165, 207–216.
Siddiqi, A., Jennings, V. M., Kidd, M. R., Actor, J. K., and Hunter, R. L. (1996) Evaluation of electrochemiluminescence and bioluminescence based assays forquantitating specific DNA. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 10, 423–431.
Yang, B., Yolken, R., and Viscidi, R. (1993) Quantitative polymerase chain reactionby monitoring enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase. Anal. Biochem. 208, 110–116.
Shimomura, O. and Johnson, F. H. (1962) Extraction, purification and propertiesof aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 59, 223–240.
Shimomura, O. and Johnson, F. H. (1969) Properties of the bioluminescent proteinaequorin. Biochemistry 8, 3991–3997.
Shimomura, O. and Johnson, F. H. (1975) Regeneration of the photoproteinaequorin. Nature 256, 236–238.
Cormier, M. J., Prasher, D. C., Longiaru, M., and McCann, R. (1989) Theenzymology and molecular biology of the Ca2+-activated photoprotein, aequorin. Photochem. Photobiol. 49, 509–512.
Stults, N. L., Rivera, H. N., Ball, R. T., and Smith, D. F. (1995) Bioluminescenthybridization immunoassays for digoxigenin-labeled PCR products based onAquaLite, a calcium-activated photoprotein. J. NIH Res. 7, 74.
Smith, D. F., Stults, N. L., and Mercer, W. D. (1995) Bioluminescent immunoassays using streptavidin and biotin conjugates of recombinant Aequorin. Am. Biotechnol. Lab. 14, 17–18.
Wynn, T.A., Eltoum, I., Cheever, A. W., Lewis, F. A., Gause, W. C., and Sher, A.(1993) Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression during primary granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. J. Immunol. 151, 1430–1440.
Innis, M. A., Felfand, D. H., Sninsky, J. J., and White, T.J., eds. (1990) PCRProtocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic, San Diego, CA.
White, B. A. (1993) PCR protocols: current methods and applications, in Methodsin Molecular Biology, vol. 15. Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp. 1–392.
Stults, N. L., Stocks, N. F., Rivera, H. N., Gray, J., McCann, R. O., O′Kane, D., et al. (1992) Use of recombinant biotinylated Aequorin in microtiter and membrane-based assays: purification of recombinant apoaequorin from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 31, 1432–1442.
Stults, N. L., Rivera, H. N., Burke-Payne J., Ball, R. T., and Smith, D. F. (1997) Preparation of stable conjugates of recombinant aequorin with proteins and nucleicacids, in Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Molecular Reporting with Photons (Hastings, J. W., Kricka, L. J., and Stanley, P. E., eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 423–426.
Smith, D. F., Stults, N. L., Cormier, M. J., and Actor, J. K. (1999) RecombinantAequorin, A Bioluminescent Signal for Molecular Diagnostics. J. Clin. Ligand Assay 22, 158–172.
Flannagan, K., Sanchez-Brambila, G., Barnes, C., Rivera, H., Scheuer, B., Stults, N. L., et al. (1993) A study of the stability of AquaLite (recombinant aequorin)lyophilized and in solution in various buffers, in Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Current Status (Stanley P. and Kricka, L., eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 60–63.
Kricka, L. J. (1991) Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent techniques. Clin. Chem. 37, 1472–1481.
Kricka, L. J. (1993) Ultrasensitive immunoassay techniques. Clin. Biochem. 26, 325–331.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Actor, J.K. (2001). Quantitation of Cytokine mRNA by Flash-Type Bioluminescence. In: O’Neill, L.A.J., Bowie, A. (eds) Interleukin Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 60. Springer, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-146-9:083
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-146-9:083
Publisher Name: Springer, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-738-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-146-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols