Abstract
For decades electrophoresis, together with chromatography and centrifugation, has been one of the most important tools in biochemistry and biology. Size selective separations using synthetic polyacrylamide sieving gels (SDS-PAGE) (1), development of the two dimensional electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) (2) together with the use of the polyacrylamide gels for DNA sequencing (3, 4) revolutionized the field of bio-separations (5-7). At present, slab-gel electrophoresis is the most frequently used technique for analysis of proteins and DNA. At the same time, it is also laborious and relatively slow since only low electric field strength can be applied without excessive Joule heating. Numerous efforts to increase the separation speed have been taken, typically applying very thin gel slabs, allowing higher electric field strength during the separation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Shapiro, A. L., Vinuela, E., and Maizel, J. V. (1967) Molecular weight estimation of polypeptide chains by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 28, 815.
O’Farrell, P. H. (1975) High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007–4021.
Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., and Coulson, A. R. (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5463–5467
Maxam, A. M. and Gilbert, W. (1977) A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 560–654.
Andrews, A. T. (1986) Electrophoresis: Theory, Technique, and Biochemical and Clinical Applications, 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Rickwood, D. and Hames, B. D. (eds.), (1990) Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
Deyl, Z. (ed.), (1979) Electrophoresis: Part A: techniques. J. Chromatogr. Library 18, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Hjertén, S. (1967) Free zone electrophoresis. Chromatogr. Rev. 9, 122–219.
Virtanen, R. (1974) Zone electrophoresis in a narrow-bore tube employing potentiometric detection. Acta Polytech. Scand. 123, 1–67.
Mikkers, F. E. P., Everaerts, F. M., and Verheggen, Th. P. E. M. (1979) High performance zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. 169, 11–20.
Jorgenson, J. W. and Lukacs, K. D. (1981) Zone electrophoresis in open tubular glass capillaries. Anal. Chem. 53, 1298–1303.
Karger, B. L., Chu, Y., and Foret, F. (1995) Capillary electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 24, 579–610.
Grossbach, U. (1965) Acrylamide gel electrophoresis in capillary columns. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 107, 180–182.
Hyden, H., Bjurstam, K., and McEwen, B. (1966) Protein separation at the cellular level by micro disc electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem. 17, 1–15.
Slater, G. W., Mayer, P., and Grossman, P. D. (1995) Diffusion, Joule heating, and band broadening in capillary gel electrophoresis of DNA. Electrophoresis 16, 75–83.
Mueller, O., Minarik, M., and Foret, F. (1998) Ultrafast DNA analysis by capillary electrophoresis/ laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 19, 1436–1444.
Chan, K. C., Muschik, G. M., and Issaq, H. J. (1997) High-speed electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments using a short capillary. J. Chromatogr. 695, 113–115.
Woolley, A. T., Sensabaugh, G. F., and Mathies, R. A. (1997) High-speed DNA genotyping using micro fabricated capillary array electrophoresis chips. Anal. Chem. 69, 2181–2186.
Foret, F., Deml, M., and Bocek, P. (1988) Capillary zone electrophoresis: quantitative study of the effects of some dispersive processes on the separation efficiency. J. Chromatogr. 452, 601–613.
Hjertén, S. (1985) High-performance electrophoresis: elimination of electroendosmosis and solute adsorption. J. Chromatogr. 347, 191–198.
Liu, S., Shi, Y., Ja, W. W., and Mathies, R.A., (1999) Optimization of high-speed DNA sequencing on micro fabricated capillary electrophoresis channels. Anal. Chem. 71, 566–573.
Schmalzing, D., Adourian, A., Koutny, L., Ziaugra, L., Matsudaira, P., and Ehrlich, D. (1998) DNA sequencing on micro fabricated electrophoretic devices. Anal. Chem. 70, 2303–2310.
Kleparnik, K., Mala, Z., Havac, Z., Blazkova, M., Holla, L., and Bocek, P. (1998) Fast detection of a (CA)18 microsatelite repeat in IgE receptor gene by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 19, 249–255.
Khrapko, K., Hanekamp, J., Thilly, W., Belenky, A., Foret, F., and Karger, B. L. (1994) Constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE)-a high resolution approach to mutational analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 364–369.
Bocek, P., Deml, M., Gebauer, P., and Dolnik, V. (1988) Analytical Isotachophoresis. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim.
Terry, S. C., Jerman, J. H., and Angell, J. B. (1979) A gas chromatographic analyzer fabricated on a silicon wafer. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 26, 1880–1886.
Manz, A., Harrison, D. J., Verpoorte, E. M. J., Fettinger, J. C., Paulus, A., Ludi, H., et al. (1992) Planar chips technology for miniaturization and integration of separation techniques into monitoring systems. Capillary electrophoresis on a chip. J. Chromatogr. 593, 253–258.
Waters, L. C., Jacobson, S. C., Kroutchinina, N., Khandurina, J., Foote, R. S., and Ramsey, J. M. (1998) Microchip device for cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic sizing. Anal. Chem. 70, 158–162.
McCormick, R. M., Nelson, R. J., Alonso-Amigo, M. G., Benvegnu, J., and Hooper, H. H. (1997) Microchannel electrophoretic separations of DNA in injection-molded plastic substrates. Anal. Chem. 69, 2626–2630.
Woolley, A. T., Lao, K. Q., Glazer, A. N., and Mathies, R. A. (1998) Capillary electrophoresis chips with integrated electrochemical detection. Anal. Chem. 70, 684–688.
Simpson, P. C., Roach, D., Woolley, A. T., Thorsen, T., Johnston, R., Sensabaugh, G. F., et al. (1998) High-throughput genetic analysis using micro fabricated 96-sample capillary array electrophoresis microplates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 2256–2261.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Klepárník, K., Müeller, O.M., Foret, F. (2001). Ultra-Fast DNA Separations Using Capillary Electrophoresis. In: Mitchelson, K.R., Cheng, J. (eds) Capillary Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 163. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-116-7:19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-116-7:19
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-765-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-116-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols