Abstract
The establishment of reliable and meaningful chromosomal (cytogenetic, karyotypic) changes in hematological disorders, primarily the leukemias and lymphomas, must be based on the examination of the involved cells or tissues. Thus, in the case of the leukemias bone marrow (BM) aspirations yield optimal results in the preponderant number of patients, whereas in the lymphomas affected tissues, usually lymph nodes, are the best source of cells carrying cytogenetic anomalies. Generally, BM is not a good source of cells for cytogenetic analysis in lymphoma. Not only is the marrow often not affected by the lymphoma, but also when it is, the number of abnormal cells is relatively small and/or the abnormal cells are not in division and, hence, do not yield a sufficient number of metaphases for cytogenetic analysis. In some situations, blood cells can be utilized as a source of metaphases affected by karyotypic changes, e.g., in cases with about 10% immature cells in the peripheral blood (PB), in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), in cases where the marrow is fibrotic or extremely hypocellular, or in determining the presence of Ph+cells in established cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) (1,2).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sandberg, A. A. (1990) The Chromosomes in Human Cancer and Leukemia, 2nd ed, Elsevier, New York.
LeBeau, M. M. (1991) Cytogenetic analysis of hematological malignant diseases, in The ACT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual, 2nded. (Barch, M. J., ed.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 395–449.
Misawa, S., Horiike, S., Taniwaki, M., Abe, T., and Takino, T. (1986) Prefixation treatment with ethidium bromide for high resolution banding analysis of chromosomes from cultured human BM cells. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 22, 319–329.
Yunis, J. J. (1981) New chromosome techniques in the study of human neoplasia. Hum. Pathol. 12, 540–549.
Morgan, S., Hecht, B. K., Morgan, R., and Hecht, F. (1987) Qualitative and quantitative enhancement of BM cytogenetics by addition of giant cell tumor conditioned medium. Karyogram 13, 39–40.
Morgan, R., Chen, Z., Morgan, S., Notohamiprodjo, M., Betz, J., Manhas, R., Peier, R., Saunders, A., Wilker, S., Stone, J. F., and Sandberg, A. A. (1995) The PHA/IL2 “COCKTAIL” is an effective cytogenetic mitogen in blood and BM cells for revealing abnormal clonal karyotypes in lymphoid diseases. Appl. Cytogenet. 21, 66.
Morgan R., Chen Z., Richkind K., Roherty S. Velasco J., and Sandberg, A. A. (1999) PHA/IL2: an efficient mitogen cocktail for cytogenetic studies of nonHodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 109, 134–137.
Rowley, J. D. (1973) A new consistent chromosomal abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia identified by quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa staining. Nature 243, 290–293.
deKlein A. and Hagemeijer, A. (1984) Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of the Ph1 translocation in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Surv. 3, 515–529.
Zech L., Haglund V., Nilsson K., and Slein, G. (1976) Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas. Int. J. Cancer 17, 47–56.
Mitelman, F. (ed.) (1995) International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
Heim S. and Mitelman, F (1995) Cancer Cytogenetics 2nd ed., Wiley-Liss New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Sandberg, A.A., Chen, Z. (2001). Cytogenetics Analysis. In: Faguet, G.B. (eds) Hematologic Malignancies. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 55. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-074-8:3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-074-8:3
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-543-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-074-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols