Abstract
In situ hybridization of specific DNA or RNA sequences to cellular targets was developed over 20 yr ago (1,2). The early techniques employed isotopically labeled probes and subsequent autoradiographic detection using a photographic emulsion overlying the metaphase chromosomes, nuclei, or whole cells. However, autoradiography requires long exposure periods, and is not practical for clinical application. In the late 1970s, nonisotopic methods of nucleic acid labeling were developed. The subsequent improvements in the detection of reporter molecules using immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence, in conjunction with advances in fluorescence microscopy and image analysis, have made the technique safer, faster and reliable.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pardue, M. L. and Gall, J. G. (1969) Molecular hybridization of radioactive DNA to the DNA of cytological preparation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64, 600–604.
John, H., Birnstiel M., and Jones K. (1969) RNA-DNA hybrids at the cytological level. Nature 223, 582–587.
Pinkel, D., Gray, J., Trask, B., van den Engh, G., Fuscoe, J., and van Dekken, H. (1986) Cytogenetic analysis by in situ hybridization with fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51, 151–157.
Sandberg, A. A. and Chen, Z. (1995) Cancer cytogenetics and molecular genetics: Clinical implications (review). Int. J. Oncol. 7, 1241–1251.
Sandberg, A. A. (1990) The Chromosomes in Human Cancer and Leukemia, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York.
Hyytinen, E., Visakorpi, T., Kallioniemi, A., Kallioniemi, O.-P., and Isola, J. J. (1994) Improved technique for analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytometry 16, 93–99.
Dhingra, K., Sneige, N., Pandita, T. K., Johnston, D. A., Lee, J. S., Emami, K., Hortobagyi, G. N., and Hittelman, W. N. (1994) Quantitative analysis of chromosome in situ hybridization signal in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Cytometry 16, 100–112.
Demetrick, D. J. (1996) The use of archival frozen tumor tissue imprint specimens for fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mod. Pathol. 9, 133–136.
Moorman, A. V., Clark, R., Farrell, D. M. Hawkins, J. M., Martineau, M., and Secker-Walker, L. M. (1996) Probes for hidden hyperdiploidy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 16, 40–45.
Chen, Z., Morgan, R., Berger, C. S., and Sandberg, A. A. (1992) Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization to hematological disorders. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 63, 62–69.
Chen, Z., Notohamiprodjo, M., Richards, P. D., Lane, F. B., Morgan, R., Stone, J. F., and Sandberg, A. A. (1997) Some observations on FISH evaluation of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 98, 1–3.
Chen, Z., Morgan, R., Stone, J. F., and Sandberg, A. A. (1994) Identification of complex t(15; 17) in APL by FISH. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 72, 73–74.
Kobayashi, H., Espinosa, III R., Thirman, M. J., Gill, H. J., Fernald, A. A., Diaz, M. O., Le Beau, M. M., and Rowley, J. D. (1993) Heterogeneity of breakpoints of 1 1q23 rearrangements in hematologic malignancies identified with fluorescence in situ hybridization. Blood 82, 547–551.
Bernell, P., Arvidsson, I., Jacobsson, B., and Hast R. (1996) Fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with morphology detects minimal residual disease in remission and heralds relapse in acute leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 95, 666–672.
Brynes, R. K., McCourty, A., Sun, N. C. J., and Koo, C. H. (1995) Trisomy 12 in Richter’s transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 104, 199–203.
Garcia-Marco, J. A., Caldas, C., Price, C. M., Wiedemann, L. M., Ashworth, A., and Catovsky, D. (1996) Frequent somatic deletion of the 13q12.3 locus encompassing BRCA2 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 88, 1568–1575.
Dohner, H., Stilgenbauer, S., James, M. R., Benner, A., Weilguni, T., Bentz, M., Fischer, K., Hunstein, W., and Lichter, P. (1997) 11q deletions identify a new subset of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by extensive nodal involvement and inferior prognosis. Blood 89, 2516–2522.
Ueda, Y., Matsuda, F., Misawa, S., and Taniwaki, M. (1996) Tumor-specific rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma detected by in situ hybridization. Blood 87, 292–298.
Coignet, L. J. A., Schuuring, E., Kibbelaar, R. E., Raap, T. K., Kleiverda, K. K., Bertheas, M.-F., Wiegant, J., Beverstock, G., and Kluin, P. M. (1996) Detection of 1 1q1 3 rearrangements in hematologic neoplasias by double-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Blood 87, 1512–1519.
Mathew, P., Sanger, W. G., Weisenburger, D. D., Valentine, M., Valentine, V., Pickering, D., Higgins, C., Hess, M., Cui, X, Srivastava, D. K., and Morris, S. W. (1997) Detection of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) and NPM-ALK fusion in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Blood 89, 1678–1685.
Younes, A., Jendiroba, D., Goodacre, A., and Andreeff, M. (1994) Fluorescence in situ hybridization applications in lymphoma, studies of chromosomes 12, 17, 18 and X abnormalities, in FISH: Clinical Applications in Cancer & Genetics.February 8-11, 1994. The Resort at Squaw Creek, Lake Tahoe, CA.
Waye, J. S. and Willard, H. F. (1987) Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of alpha satellite repetitive DNA: A survey of alphoid sequences from different human chromosomes. Nucleic Acid Res. 15, 7549–7567.
Aleixandre, C., Miller, D., Mitchell, A., Warburton, D., Gersen, S., Disteche, C., and Miller, O. J. (1987) p82H identifies sequences at every human centromere. Hum. Genet. 77, 46–50.
Waye, J. S. and Willard, H. (1989) Human beta satellite DNA: Genomic organization and sequence definition of a class of highly repetitive tandem DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6250–6254.
Nakahori, Y., Mitani, K., Yamada, M., and Nakagome, Y. (1986) A human Y chromosome specific repeated DNA family (DYZ1) consists of a tandem array of pentanucleotides. Nucleic Acid Res. 14, 7569–7580.
Bently-Lawrence, J., Villnave, C. A., and Singer, R. H. (1988) Sensitive, highresolution chromatin and chromosome mapping in situ: presence and orientation of two integrated copies of EBV in a lymphoma line. Cell 52, 51–61.
Lichter, P., Ledbetter, S. A., Ledbetter, D. H., and Ward, D. C. (1990) Fluorescence in situ hybridization with ALU and L1 polymerase chain reaction probes for rapid characterization of human chromosomes in hybrid cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9138–9142.
Guan, X. Y., Meltzer, P., and Trent, J. (1994) Rapid generation of whole chromosome painting probes (WCPs) by chromosome microdissection. Genomics 22, 101–107.
Bauman, J. G. J., Pinkel, D., Trask, B. J., and van der Ploeg, M. (1990) In Flow Cytogenetics(Gray, J. W., ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 275–301.
Mundy, C. R., Cunningham, M. W., and Read, C. A. (1991) Nucleic Acid Labeling and Detection in Essentials of Molecular Biology, A Practical Approach, Vol. II, pp. 52–82.
Rigby, P. W. J., Dieckmann, M., Rhodes, C., and Berg, P. (1977) Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 113, 237–251.
Feinberg, P. and Vogelstein, B. (1984) A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction enzyme fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 137, 266–267.
Kassavetis, G. A., Butler, E. T., Roulland, D., and Chamberlin, M. J. (1952) Bacteriophage SP6-specific RNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 5779–5788.
Anderson, M. E., Adomat, S., Salski, C., and Horsman, D. (1996) Chromosomal microdissection and the PCR generation of fluorescence-labeled probes for FISH. Appl. Cytogenet. 22, 149–151.
Pinkel, D., Straume, T., and Gray, J. W. (1986) Cytogenetic analysis using quantitative, high-sensitivity, fluorescence hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 2934–2938.
The American College of Medical Genetics. (1996) Standard and Guidelines: Clinical Genetics Laboratories: Metaphase Fluorescence in situ Hybridization, pp. 1–23, Interphase,pp. 23-26.
Mitelman, F, ed. (1995) International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
Veldman, T., Heselmeyer, K., Schröck, E., and Ried, T. (1996) Comparative genomic hybridization: a new approach for the study of copy number changes in tumor genomes. Appl. Cytogenet. 22, 117–122.
Speicher, M. R., du Manoir, S., Schröck, E., Holtgreve-Grez, H., Schoell, B., Lengauer, C., Cremer, T., and Ried, T. (1993) Molecular cytogenetic analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded solid tumors by comparative genomic hybridization after universal DNA amplification. Mol. Genet. 2, 1907–1914.
Liyanage, M., Coleman, A., du Manoir, S., Veldman, T., McCormack, S., Dickson, R. B., Barlow, C., Wynshaw-Boris, A., Janz, S., Wienberg, J., FergusonSmith, M. A., Schröck, E., and Ried, T. (1996) Multicolour spectral karyotyping of mouse chromosomes. Nat. Genet. 14, 312–315.
Schröck, E., du Manoir, S., Veldman, T., Schoell, B., Wienberg, J., FergusonSmith, M. A., Ning, Y., Ledbetter, D. H., Bar-Am, I., Soenksen, D., Garini, Y., and Ried, T. (1996) Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes. Science 273, 494–497.
Guan, X. Y., Trent, J. M., and Meltzer, P. S. (1993) Generation of band-specific painting probes from a single microdissected chromosome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2, 1117–1121.
Cannizzaro, L. A. (1996) Chromosome microdissection: a brief overview. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 74, 157–160.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Sandberg, A.A., Chen, Z. (2001). FISH Analysis. In: Faguet, G.B. (eds) Hematologic Malignancies. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 55. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-074-8:19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-074-8:19
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-543-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-074-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols