Skip to main content

Assessing Age-Related Changes in Antioxidant Status

The FRASC Assay for Total Antioxidant Power and Ascorbic Acid Concentration in Biological Fluids

  • Protocol
Aging Methods and Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Medicine ((MIMM,volume 38))

  • 548 Accesses

Abstract

There is accumulating evidence that oxidative damage to protein, lipid, carbohydrate and DNA is an important cause and/or effect of cellular and subcellular changes associated with disease, and is responsible for at least some of the physiological, but ultimately fatal, changes that accompany aging (18). Advancing age brings increasing risk of chronic degenerative disease including cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and dementia (16, 8).Immune status declines, with consequent increased risk of infection and, owing to a combination of physical and socioeconomic factors, nutritional status is often poor in the elderly, increasing the likelihood of poor antioxidant status (9).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    1

    U.S.patent pending

References

  1. Ame N., Shigenag K., and Hagen, T.M. (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative disease of aging.Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 90, 7915–7922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Benzie, I.F.F. (1996) Lipid peroxidation:a review of causes, consequences, measurement and dietary influences.Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 47, 233–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Maxwell, S.R.J.and Lip, G.Y.H. (1997) Free radicals and antioxidants in cardiovascular disease.Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 44, 307–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Emerit, I. (1994) Reactive oxygen species, chromosome mutation and cancer:possible role of clastogenic factors in carcinogenesis.Free Radic.Biol.Med. 16, 99–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yu, B.P. (1996) Aging and oxidative stress:modulation by dietary restriction.Free Radic.Biol.Med. 21, 651–668.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Harman, D. (1996) Aging and disease:extending functional lifespan.Ann.NY Acad. Sci. 786, 321–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Harman, D. (1956) Aging:a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J.Gerontol. 2, 298–300.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Beckman, K.B.and Ames, B.N. (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol.Rev. 78, 547–581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gariballa, S.E.and Sinclair, A.J. (1998) Nutrition, ageing and ill health.Br.J.Nutr. 80, 7–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Loft, S.and Poulson, H.E. (1996) Cancer risk and oxidative DNA damage in man. J.Mol.Med. 74, 297–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Duthie, S.J., Ma, A., Ross, M.A., and Collins, A.R. (1996) Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative damage in human lymphocytes.Cancer Res. 56, 1291–1295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Heitzer, T., Just, H., and Munzel, T. (1996) Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers.Circulation 94, 6–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Levine, G.N., Frei, B., Koulouris, S.N., Gerhard, M.D., Keaney, J.F., and Vita, J.A. (1996) Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease.Circulation 93, 1107–1113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ness, A.R., Chee, D., and Elliot, P. (1997) Vitamin C and blood pressure-an overview.J.Hum.Hyperten.11, 343–350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Diplock, A.T. (1994) Antioxidants and disease prevention.Mol.Aspects Med. 15, 293–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Frei, B., Keaney, J.F., Retsky, K.L., and Chen, K. (1996) Vitamin C and E and LDL oxidation.Vitam.Horm. 54, 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Samman, S., Brown, A.J., Beltran, C., and Singh, S. (1997)The effect of ascorbic acid on plasma lipids and oxidisability of LDL in male smokers.Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 51, 472–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sweetman, S.F., Strain, J.J., and McKelvey, V.J. (1997) Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on DNA damage and repair in human lymphoblastoid cell.Nutr.Cancer 27, 122–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wen, Y., Cooke, T., and Feely, J. (1997) The effect of pharmacological supplementation with vitamin C on low-density lipoprotein oxidation.Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 44, 94–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Diplock, A.T., Charleux, J.L., Crozer-Willi, G., Kok, F.J., Rice-Evans, C., Roberfroid, M., Stahl, W.and Vina-Ribes, J. (1998) Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species.Br.J.Nutr. 80, S77–S112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bendich, A.and Langseth, L. (1995) The health effects of vitamin C supplementation J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 14, 124–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Benzie, I.F.F. (1998) Antioxidants:observational epidemiology, in The Encyclopedia of Nutrition (Sadler, M., Cabellero, B., and Strain, J.J., eds.), Academic Press London, pp. 106–115.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Halliwell, B. (1996) Oxidative stress, nutrition and health.Experimental strategies for optimization of nutritional antioxidant intake in humans.Free Radic.Res. 25, 57–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Machlin, L.J. (1995) Critical assessment of the epidemiological data concerning the impact of antioxidant nutrients on cancer and cardiovascular disease.Crit.Rev. Food Sci.Nutr. 35, 41–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Strain, J.J.and Benzie, I.F.F. (1998) Antioxidant nutrients, in Functional Foods; the Consumer, the Products and the Evidence (Sadler, M.J.and Saltmarsh, M., eds.), Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge, pp. 74–79.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Weisburger, J.H. (1996) Tea antioxidants and health, in Handbook of Antioxidants (Cadenas, E.and Packer, L., eds.), Marcel Dekker New York, pp.469–486.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Benzie, I.F.F. (1999) Vitamin C:prospective functional markers for defining optimal nutritional status.Proc.Nutr.Soc., 58, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Frei, B., England, L., and Ames, B.N. (1989) Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 86, 6377–6381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rose, R.C.and Bode, A.M. (1993) Biology of free radical scavengers:an evaluation of ascorbate.FASEB J. 7, 1135–1142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Traber, M.G.and Seis, H. (1996) Vitamin E in humans:demand and delivery. Annu.Rev.Nutr. 16, 321–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Strain, J.J.and Benzie, I.F.F. (1998) Diet and antioxidant defence, in The Encyclopedia of Nutrition (Sadler, M., Cabellero, B., and Strain, J.J., eds.), Academic Press London, pp. 95–105.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sies, H.and Stahl, W. (1995) Vitamins E and C, B-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 62, 1315S–1321S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Graumlich, J.F., Ludden, T.M., Conry-Cantilena, C., Cantlena, L.R., Jr., Wang, Y., and Levine, M. (1997) Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion.Pharmacol.Res. 14, 1133–1139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gey, K.F. (1998) Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health.A critical and constructive review of epidemiology and supplementation data regarding cardiovascular disease and cancer.Biofactors 7, 113–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Benzie I.F.F.and Strain, J.J. (1996) The reducing ability of plasma as a measure of “antioxidant power ”-the FRAP assay. Anal.Biochem. 239, 70–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Benzie, I.F.F.and Strain, J.J. (1997) Simultaneous automated measurement of total antioxidant (reducing)capacity and ascorbic acid concentration.Redox Report 3, 233–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Benzie, I.F.F.and Strain, J.J. (1999) Ferric reducing (antioxidant) power as a measure of antioxidant capacity:the FRAP assay, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 299: Oxidants and Antioxidants (Packer, L., ed.), Academic Press Orlando, pp. 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Benzie, I.F.F., Janus, E.D., and Strain, J.J. (1998) Plasma ascorbate and vitamin E levels in Hong Kong Chinese.Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 52, 447–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Benzie, I.F.F.and Chung, W.Y. (1999) Total antioxidant power of plasma: male-female differences and effect of anticoagulant used.Ann.Clin.Biochem., 36, 104–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Benzie, I.F.F.and Szeto Y, T. (1999) Antioxidant power of teas.J.Agric.Food Chem., 47, 633–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Benzie, I.F.F.and Tomlinson, B. (1998) Antioxidant power of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in vitro.Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol.45, 168–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Benzie, I.F.F., Chung, W.Y., and Strain, J.J. (1999) Antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid is independent of concentration.J.Nutr.Biochem., 10, 146–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Benzie, I.F.F., Strain, J.J. (2000). Assessing Age-Related Changes in Antioxidant Status. In: Barnett, Y.A., Barnett, C.R. (eds) Aging Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol 38. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-070-5:133

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-070-5:133

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-582-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-070-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics