Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pneumococcal Diseases

  • Protocol
Book cover Molecular Bacteriology

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Medicine™ ((MIMM,volume 15))

Abstract

The pneumococcus is now the most important bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Traditional approaches to the diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae as the etrologic agent causing these diseases include colony morphology, microscopy, optochin sensitivity, bile solubility, and inmunologic reaction with type-specific antisera(1) The rationale for developing a molecular approach to diagnosis mcludes the very low yield of pneumococci isolated from blood culture in presumed pneumococcal pneumonia, and the need for a rapid diagnostic test that defines susceptibility to antbiotrcs, partxularly in the setting of meningitis

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mufson, M A(1990) Streptococcus pneumonzae, in Principles and Practice of Znfectzous Dzseases, 3rd ed. (Mandell, G L, Douglas, R. D, and Bennet, J E, eds), Churchill Livingstone, New York,pp1539–1550.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Garcia, P, Garcia, J L., Garcia, E., and Lopez, R. (1986) Nucleotide sequence and expression of the pneumococcal autolysin gene from its own promoter in Eschertchta coli. Gene 43, 265–272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Howard, L V. and Gooder, H (1974) Specificity of the autolysin of Streptococcus (Dtplococcus) pneumomae J Bacteriol 117,796–804

    Google Scholar 

  4. Mosser, J. L. and Tomasz, A. (1970) Choline contaming teichotc acid as a structural component of pneumococcal cell wall and its role in sensitivity to lysis by an autolytic enzyme.J Biol Chem. 245, 286–298

    Google Scholar 

  5. Holtjie, J V and Tomasz, A (1975) Specific recognition of choline residues in the cell wall teichoic acid by the N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine amidase of pneumococcus J Biol Chem 250, 6072–6076

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tomasz, A (1968) Biological consequences of the replacement of choline by ethanolamine in the cell wall of pneumococcus: chain formation, loss of transformability and loss of autolysis. Proc Nat1 Acad Set. USA 59, 86–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pozzi, G, Oggtoni, M. R., and Tomasz, A (1989) DNA probe for tdentification of Streptococcus pneumontae J Clin Microbiol 27, 370–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fenoll, A, Martinez-Suarez, J. V., Munoz, R., Casal, J., and Garcia, J L (1990) Identification of atypical strains of Streptococcus pneumontae by a specific DNA probe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 9, 396–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Berry, A. M, Lock, R. A., Hansman, D, and Paton, J. C. (1989) Contribution of autolysin to virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infect Immun 57, 2324–2330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Berry, A M., Yother, J, Brtles, D. E., Hansman, D, and Paton, J. C (1989) Reduced virulence of a defined pneumolysm-negative mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infect. Immun 57, 2037–2042

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Denys, G A. and Carey, R B (1992) Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae with a DNA probe. J Clin Microbiol 30, 2725–2727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Davis, T. E. and Fuller, D. D (1991) Direct identification of bacterial isolates in blood cultures by using a DNA probe. J Clin Microbiol. 29, 2193–2196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kalin, M and Lindberge, A A (1983) Dtagnosis of pneumococcal pneumoinae. a comparison between microscopic examination of expectorate, antigen detection, and cultural procedures. Stand J. Infect DES 15, 247–255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rudolph, K. M, Parkinson, A. J, Black, C. M., and Mayer, L. W(1993) Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia J Clin. Microbiol 31, 2661–2666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Johnson, M. K., Geoffroy, C, and Alouf, J E (1980) Binding of cholesterol by sulfliydryl-activated cytolysins Infect Immun 27, 97–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Walker, J.A., Allen, R L, Falinagne, P., Johnson, M.K., and Boulnois, G.J (1987)Molecular cloning, characterization, and complete nucleotide sequence of the gene forpneumolysin, the sulfliydryl-achvated toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infect Immun 55, 1184–1189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang, Y, Isaacman, D. J., Wadowsky, R. M., Rydqutst-White, J, Post, J C., and Ehrhch, G D.(1995) Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in whole blood by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33, 596–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dowson, C G, Hutchison, A., Woodford, N., Johnson, A. P., George, R. C., and Spratt, B. G. (1990) Penicillin-resistant viridans streptococci have obtained altered 17 penicillin-binding protein genes from penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Nail Acad SCL USA 87, 5858–5862.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Isaacman, D. J, Zhang, Y., Rydquist-White, J., Wadowsky, R. M., Post, J. C., and Ehrlich, G. D.(1995) Identification of a patient wtth Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia and meningitis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Mol Cell Probes 9, 157–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ubukata, K., Asahi, Y, Yamane, A, and Konno, M. (1995) Combinational detection of autolysin and penicillin-binding protein 2B genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae by PCR J Clin Microbiol 34, 592–596.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Friedland, L R, Menon, A. G, Reising, S F., Ruddy, R. M., and Hassett, D J (1994) Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA Dzagn Microbiol Infect. DU 20, 187–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lopez, P., Martinez, S., Diaz, A., Espinosa, M., and Lacks, S A. (1989) Characterization of the PolA gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae and comparison of the DNA polymerase I it encodes to homologous enzymes from Escherichia coli and phage T7. J Biol. Chem 264, 4255–4263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hassen-King, M, Baldeh, I, Secka, O, Falade, A., and Greenwood, B. (1994) Detection of reptococcu pneumoniae DNA in blood cultures by PCR J Clin Microbiol. 32, 1721–1724

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gillespie, S. H., Ullman, C., Smith, M D., and Emery, V. (1994) Detection of Streptococcus pneumoiae msputum samples by PCR. J. Clin Microbiol 32, 1308–1311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Salo, P, Ortqvist, A., and Lemonen, M. (1995) Diagnosis of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia by amplification of pneumolysin gene fragment in serum J Infect. Dzs. 171, 479–482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Virolamen, A, Salo, P, Jero, J., Karma, P., Eskola, J, and Leinonen, M. (1994) Comparison of PCR assay with bacterial culture for detecting Streptococcu spneumoniae in middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media. J Clin Microbiol 32, 2667–2670

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gray, M. W, Sankoff, D., and Cedergren, R. J (1984) On the evolutionary descent of organisms and organelles: a global phylogeny based on a highly conserved structural core in small subunit ribosomal RNA Nucleic Acids Res 12, 5837–5852.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Radstrom, P., Backman, A., Qian, N, Kragsbjerg, P., Pahlson, C., and Olcen, P.(1994) Detection of bacterial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by an assay for simultaneous detection of Nezssena meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococci using a seminested PCR strategy. j Clin. Microbiol 32, 2738–2744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Greisen, K., Loeffelholz, M., Purohit, A., and Leong, D. (1994) PCR primers and probes for the 16s rRNA gene of most species of pathogenic bacteria, including bacteria found in cerebrospinal fluid J Clin Microbiol. 32, 335–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Avaniss-AghaJani, E, Jones, K., Chapman, D, and Brunk, C. (1994) A molecular technique for identification of bacteria using small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. Biotechniques 17, 144–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Widjojoatmodjo, M. N, Fluit, A C.,and Verhoef, J (1995) Molecular identification of bacteria by fluorescence-based PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the is RNAgene. J Clin Microbiol. 33, 2601–2606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Saruta, K., Matsunaga, T., Hoshina, S, Kono, M, Krtahara, S., Kanemoto, S, Sakai, O, and Machida, K (1995) Rapid rdentifrcation of Streptococcus pneumoniae by PCR amplification of ribosomal DNA spacer region FEMS Microbiol Lett 132, 165–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Selander, R K, Caugant, D. A., Ochman, H, Musser, J. M., Gilmour, M. N, and Whittam, T S (1986) Methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for bacterial population genetics and systematics Appl Environ Microbiol 51, 873–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Munoz, R., Coffey, T., Damals, M., Dowson, C G, Liable, G, Casal, J, Hakenbeck, R, Jacobs, M, Musser, J M, Spratt, B G., and Tomasz, A (1991) Intercontmental spread of a multiresistant clone of serotype 23F Streptococcus pneumoniae J Infect Dis 164, 302–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. McDougal, L K, Facklam, R., Reeves, M, Hunter, S., Swenson, J M, Hill, B C., and Tenover, F C (1992) Analysis of multiply antimicrobial-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the United States Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 36, 2176–2184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Coffey, T J, Dowson, C G., Damels, M., Zhou, J, Martin, C., Spratt, B G., and Musser, J M (1991) Horizontal transfer of multiple pemcillin binding protein genes and capsular biosynthetic genes in natural populations of Streptococcus pneumoniae Mol Microbiol 5, 2255–2260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Klugman, K P, Coffey, T J, Smith, A M, Wasas, A, Meyers, M, and Spratt, B G (1994) Cluster of an erythromycin-resistant variant of the Spanish multiply resistant 23F clone of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South Africa Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13, 171–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Munoz, R, Musser, J M., Cram, M, Briles, D E., Marton, A, Parkmson, A J, Sorensen, U, and Tomasz A (1992) Geographic drstribution of penicillin-resistant clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae Characterization by penicillin-binding protein profile, surface protein A typing and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis Clan Infect Dis 15, 112–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sibold, C, Wang, J, Henrichsen, J, and Hakenbeck, R (1992) Genetic relationships of penicillin-susceptible and-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated on different continents. Infect Immun 60, 4119–4126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kell, C M., Jordens, J Z, Damels, M., Coffey, T J, Bates, J, Paul, J, Gilks, G.,and Spratt B. G (1993) Molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant pneumococci isolated in Nairobi, Kenya Infect. Immun 61, 4382–4391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Versalovic, J, Kapur, V., Mason, E. O., Shah, U., Koeuth, T., Lupski, J. R., and Musser, J M (1993) Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strams recovered in Houston. Identification and molecular characterization of multiple clones J Infect Dis 167, 850–856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Reichmann, P, Varon, E, Gunther, E., Remert, R. R., Luttiken, R., Marton, A, Geslin, P., Wagner, J, and Hakenbeck, R. (1995) Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumontae in Germany genetic relationship to clones from other European countries J Med. Microbiol 43, 377–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. McDougal, L K, Rasheed, J K., Biddle, J W., and Tenover, F C (1995) Identrfication of multiple clones of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Strepto-42 coccus pneumonzae isolates m the Umted States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39, 2282–2288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hall, L.M C, Whiley, R A, Duke, B., George, R C.,and Efstratiou, A (1996)Generic relatedness within and between serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the United Kingdom analysis of multilocus enzyme electrophoresrs, pulsed-field electrophoresrs and antrrmcrobtal resistance patierns J Clin Microbiol 34, 853–859

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dowson, C G., Hutchtson, A., and Spratt, B G (1989) Extensive remodelling of the transpeptrdase domain of penicillin-binding protein 2B of a South African isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae MOE Microbial 3, 95–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Smith, A. M., Klugman, K. P., Coffey, T J., and Spratt, B G. (1993) Genetic diversity of penicillin-binding protein 2B and 2X genes from Streptococcus pneumoniae in South Africa Antimzcrob Agents Chemother 37, 1938–1944

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stull, T. L, LiPuma, J J, and Edlmd, T. D (1988) A broad-spectrum probe for the molecular epidemiology of bacteria. rtbosomal RNA J infect Dis 157, 280–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Harakeh, H., Bosley, G S, Keihlbauch, J A, and Fields, B S (1994) Heterogeneity of rRNA gene restriction patterns of multiresrstant serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae strams J Clin Microbiol 32, 3046–3048.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sa Frguerredo, A M, Austrian, R, Urbaskova, P, Teixelra, L. A, and Tomasz, A. (1995) Novel penicillin-resistant clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Czech Repubhc and in Slovakra Microbial Drug Resis. 1, 71–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Coffey, T J, Damels, M, McDougal, L. K, Dowson, C G, Tenover, F C, and Spratt B. G (1995) Genetic analysis of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level resrstance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39, 1306–1313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Zoe Jordens, J, Paul, J., Bates, J, Beaumont, C, Ktmari, J, and Gilks, C (1995) Charactenzation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from human immunodeficiency vnus-seropositive patients with acute and recurrent pneumonia J Infect Dis 172, 983–987.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hermans, P. W M., Sluijter, M, Hoogenboezem, T, Heersma, H., Van Belkum, A., and De Groot, R (1995) Comparative study of five different DNA fingerprmt techinques for molecular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. J Clin Microbiol 33, 1606–1612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Stern, M J, Ames, G. F L, Smith, N. H, Robinson, E. C, and Higgins, C F (1984) Repetitive extrageinc palindromic sequences a major component of the bacterial genome Cell 37, 1015–1026

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hulton, C S J, Higgins, C F, and Sharp, P.M. (1991) ERIC sequences: A novel family of repetitive elements in the genomes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and other enterobcterta Mol Microbial 5, 825–834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Martin, B., Humbert, O, Camara, M., Guenzi, E, Walker, J, Mitchell, T., Andrew, P, Prudhomme, M, Alloing, G., Hakenbeck, R., Morrison, D A., Boulnois, G J., and Claverys, J.-P (1992) A highly conserved repeated DNA element located in the chromosome of Streptococcus pneumoniae Nucleic Acids Res 20, 3479–3483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. van Belkum, A., Sluyter. M, de Groot, R., Verbrugh, H, and Hermans, P. W M. (1996) Box repeat PCR assay for high-resolution typing of Streptococcus pneumonzae strains J Clin Microbiol 34, 1176–1179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gardiner, K(1991) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis Analytical Chem 63, 658–665

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lefevre, J C, Faucon, G., Sicard, A. M., and Gasc, A M (1993) DNA tingerprinting of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis J Clin. Microbiol 31, 2724–2728

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Soares, S., Kristinsson, K G, Musser, J M, and Tomasz, A (1993) Evidence for the introduction of a multiresistant clone of serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae from Spain to Iceland in the late 1980s. J Infect Dis 168, 158–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. VazPato, M. V, DeCarvalho, C B, and Tomasz, A. (1995) Antbiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Portugal A multxenter Study between 1989 and 993. Microbial Drug Resis 1, 59–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lefevre, J C, Bertrand, M A, and Faucon, G (1995) Molecular analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Toulouse, France.Eur J Urn Microbiol Infect Dis 14, 491–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gasc, A.-M, Geslm, P, and Sicard, A. M (1995) Relatedness of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumontae serogroup 9 strains from France and Spain. Microbiology 141, 623–627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Moreno, F, Crisp, C., Jorgensen, J H., and Patterson, J E. (1995) The clinical and olecular epidemiology of bacteremias at a university hospital caused by pneumococct not susceptible to penicillin.J Infect DIS 172, 427–432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Tarasi, A, Sterk-Kuzmanovic, N., Sieradzki, K., Schoenwald, S, Austrian, R, and Tomasz, A. (1995) Peincillin-reststant and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonrae in a paediatric hospital in Zagreb, Croatia. Microbial Drug Resis 1, 169–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Versalovtc, J, Koeuth, T, and Lupski, J. R (1991) Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacterta and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nuclesc Acids Res 19, 6823–6831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Welsh, J and McClelland, M (1990) Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primer. Nucleic Aczds Res 18, 7213–7218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Williams, J G K., Kubehk, A. R, Livak, K J, Rafalski, J. A, and Tingey, S. V. (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acrds Res.18, 653l–6535

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Pneumococcal Disease Research Unit, South African Institute for Medical Research and the University of Witwatersand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Anthony M. Smith & Keith P. Klugman

Authors
  1. Anthony M. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Keith P. Klugman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK

    Neil Woodford  & Alan P. Johnson  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Smith, A.M., Klugman, K.P. (1998). Pneumococcal Diseases. In: Woodford, N., Johnson, A.P. (eds) Molecular Bacteriology. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 15. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-498-4:139

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-498-4:139

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-498-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-599-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation