Abstract
There are several situations in which conventional crosslinking-based immobilization is inadequate in the construction of microelectrodes, for example, when on-wafer deposition (i.e., immobilization on the whole wafer before it is diced up into individual devices) is required, leading to many localized immobilizations, or during the fabrication of multianalyte sensors needing several distinct enzyme membranes. The three main types of immobilization developed to overcome these problems are based on photochemistry, electrochemistry, or printing. In this chapter we shall deal with the first, photochemical-based immobilization. Two main types of photochemical immobilization have emerged, chemical crosslinking followed by lift-off (1–3) and entrapment in photopolymerized gels (4–9). We will illustrate both approaches with the immobilization of glucose oxidase on a silicon wafer.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Murakami, T., Nakamoto, S., Kimura, J., Kuriyama, T., and Karube, I. (1986) A micro planar amperometric glucose sensor using an ISFET as a reference electrode. Anal. Lett. 19, 1973–1986.
Nakamoto, S., Ito, T., Kuriyama, T., and Kimura, A. (1988) A lift-off method for patterning enzyme-immobilized membranes in multi-biosensors. Sensors Actuators 13, 165–172.
Gernet, S., Koudelka, M., and de Rooij, N. F. (1989) A planar glucose enzyme electrode. Sensors Actuators 17, 537–540.
Arica, Y. and Hasirci, V.N. (1987) Immobilization of glucose oxidase in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membranes. Biomaterials 8, 489–495.
Hinberg, I., Kapoulas, A., Korus, R., and O’Driscoll, K. (1973) Gel entrapment of enzymes: kinetic studies of immobilized glucose oxidase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16, 159–168.
Strike, D. J., van den Berg, A., de Rooij, N. F., and Koudelka-Hep, M. (1994) Spatially controlled on-wafer and on-chip enzyme immobilization using photo chemical and electrochemical techniques, in Diagnostic Biosensor Polymers (Usmani A. M. and Akmal N., eds.), ACS Symposium Series 556, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 298–306.
Guilbault, G. G. and Lubrano, G. J. (1973) An enzyme electrode for the amperometric determination of glucose. Anal. Chim. Acta. 64, 439–455.
Takatsu, I. and Moriizumi, T. (1987) Solid state biosensors using thin-film electrodes. Sensors Actuators 11, 309–317.
Martly, J.-L., Mionetto, N., and Rouillon, R. (1992) Entrapped enzymes in photocrosslinkable gel for enzyme electrodes. Anal. Lett. 25, 1389–1398.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Humana Press Inc , Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Koudelka-Hep, M., de Rooij, N.F., Strike, D.J. (1997). Photolithographic Patterning of Enzyme Membranes for the Modification of Microelectrodes. In: Bickerstaff, G.F. (eds) Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells. Methods in Biotechnology, vol 1. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-386-4:87
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-386-4:87
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-386-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-481-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols