Abstract
Many of the techniques that have been developed for the manipulation of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have now been adapted to be used on the alternative host, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. One particularly important technique is the introduction of exogenous DNA into the yeast cell. One of the earlier methods requires generating protoplasts with a cell-wall-degrading enzyme prior to the introduction of DNA, generally giving transformation efficiencies of 2–3 × 104 transformants/µg DNA (1). When combined with the cationic liposome-forming reagent Lipofectin, the protoplast method can generate transformation efficiencies of 7.0 × 105 transformants/µg DNA (2). Protocols for transforming intact yeast have been developed that involve treatment of cells with monovalent cations, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and a 25-min heat pulse (3,4). Although the transformation efficiencies by these methods are lower than those of the standard protoplast method, they are not as tedious or time-consuming. Electroporation, subjecting cells to a controlled electrical pulse, is a transformation technique that has recently gained popularity. The main advantage of electroporation is the ease and time required to generate transformants. In addition, because of its biophysical nature, electroporation works well with a wide variety of cell types (5–8). It has also been used to incorporate a number of different molecules into cells (9–12). The procedure for electroporation presented below was developed as an easier and less time-consuming alternative for transformation of S. pombe.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Beach, D. and Nurse, P. (1981) High frequency transformation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nature 290, 140–142.
Allshire, R. C. (1990) Introduction of large linear minichromosomes into Schizosaccharomyces pombe by an improved transformation procedure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4043–4047.
Ito, H., Fukuda, Y., Murata, K., and Kimura, A. (1983) Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J. Bacteriol. 153, 163–168.
Bröker, M. (1987) Transformation of intact Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells with plasmid DNA. BioTechniques 5, 516–518.
Neumann, E., Schaefer-Ridder, M., Wang, Y., and Hofschneider, P. H. (1982) Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields. EMBO J. 1, 841–845.
Fromm, M., Taylor, L. P., and Walbot, V. (1985) Expression of genes transferred into monocot and dicot plant cells by electroporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5824–5828.
Gibson, W. C., White, J. C., Laird, P. W., and Borst, P. (1987) Stable introduction of exogenous DNA into Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 6, 2457–2461.
Dower, W. J., Miller, J. F., and Ragsdale, C. W. (1988) High efficiency transformation of E. coli by high voltage electroporation. Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 6127–6145.
Fromm, M., Callis, J., Taylor, L. P., and Walbot, V. (1987) Electroporation of DNA and RNA into plant protoplast. Methods Enzymol. 153, 351–367.
Uno, I., Fukami, K., Kato, H., Takenawa, T., and Ishikawa, T. (1988) Essential role for phophatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate in yeast cell proliferation. Nature 333, 188–190.
Weaver, I. C., Harrison, G. I., Bliss, J. G., Mourant, J. R., and Powell, K. T. (1988) Electroporation: high frequency of occurrence of a transient high-permeability state in erythrocytes and intact yeast. FEBS Lett. 229, 30–34.
Yamamoto, T., Moerschell, R. P., Wakem, L. P., Ferguson, D., and Sherman, F. (1992) Parameters affecting the frequencies of transformation and co-transformation with synthetic oligonucleotides in yeast. Yeast 8, 935–948.
Karube, I., Tamiya, E., and Matsuoka, H. (1985) Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae spheroplast by high electrical pulse. FEBS Lett. 182, 90–94.
Delorme, E. (1989) Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electroporation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 2242–2246.
Okazaki, K., Okazaki, N., Kume, K., Jinno, S., Tanaka, K., and Okayama, H. (1990) High-frequency transformation method and library transducing vectors for cloning mammalian cDNAs by trans-complementation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 6485–6489.
Becker, D. M. and Guarente, L. (1991) High efficiency transformation of yeast by transformation. Methods Enzymol. 194, 182–187.
Lossen, R. and Lacroute, F. (1983) Plasmid carrying the yeast OMP decarboxylase structural and regulatory genes: transcription regulation in a foreign environment. Cell 32, 371–377.
Prentice, H. L. (1991) High efficiency transformation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by electroporation. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 621.
Hood, M. T. and Stachow, C. S. (1992) Influence of polyethylene glycol on the size of Schizosaccharomyces pombe electropores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 1201–1206.
Manivasakam, P. and Schiestl, R. H. (1993) High efficiency transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electroporation. Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 4414,4415.
Sánchez, M., Iglesias, F. J., Santamaria, C., and Domínguez, A. (1993) Transformation of Kluyveromyces lactis by electroporation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2087–2092.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Hood, M.T., Stachow, C.S. (1995). Electroporation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe . In: Nickoloff, J.A. (eds) Electroporation Protocols for Microorganisms. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 47. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-310-4:273
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-310-4:273
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-310-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-534-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols