Abstract
Biological science is a rapidly flowing experimental stream, at times encountering a dam that impedes further progress. At such a pomt, a single crack may induce a major breakthrough Discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953 (1) caused such an event, with flooding of new information into the area now known as molecular biology.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Watson, J. D. and Crick, F H C (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids a structure for deoxyribonucleic acids. Nature (Lond) 171, 737–738
Siekevitz, P and Zamecmk, P C (1951) In vitro incorporation of 1-C14-DL-alanine into proteins of rat liver granular fractions Fed Proc 10, 246 (abstract).
Zamecnik, P. C. and Keller, E B. (1954) Relationship between phosphate energy donors and incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins. J. Biol. Chem 209, 337–354
Zamecmk, P C.(1979) Historical aspects of protein synthesis Ann NY Acad Sci 325, 269–301.
Brachet, J (1950) Chemical Embryology Interscience, New York.
Caspersson, T. O (1950) Growth and Cell Function Norton, New York.
Keller, E. B, Zamecnik, P C, and Loftfield, R B (1954) The role of microsomes in the incorporation of amino acids into proteins. J Histochem Cytochem 2, 378–386
Zamecnik, P C, Hoagland, M B., and Stephenson, M. L. (1957) Synthesis of protein in the cell nucleus, NY Acad Sci V, 273–274.
Zamecnik, P C, Stephenson, M L, Scott, J F, and Hoagland, M B (1957) Incorporation of C14-ATP into soluble RNA isolated from 105,000 x g supernatant of rat liver. Fed Proc 16, 275
Zamecnik, P C, Stephenson, M L and Hecht, L. I (1958) Intermediate reactions in amino acid incorporation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 44, 73–78
Hoagland, M. B, Stephenson, M L, Scott, J. F., Hecht, L. I, and Zamecnik, P C (1958) A soluble ribonucleic acid intermediate in protein synthesis J Biol Chem 231, 241–256.
Hoagland, M B, Zamecnik, P C, and Stephenson, M. L. (1959) A hypothesis concerning the roles of particulate and soluble ribonucleic acids in protein synthesis, in A Symposium on Molecular Biology (Zu-kle, R E, ed), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp 105–114
Nirenberg, M W. and Matthaei, J H (1961) The dependence of cell-free protein synthesis in E. coli upon naturally occurring or synthetic polyribonucleotides Proc. Natl Acad SCi USA 47, 1588–1602.
Nishimura, S., Jones, D S, and Khorana, H G (1965) The in vitro synthesis of a copolypeptide containing two amino acids in alternating sequence dependent upon a DNA-like polymer containing two nucleotides in alternating sequence J Mol Biol. 13, 302–324.
Allen, D W and Zamecnik, P C. (1962) The effect of puromycin on rabbit reticu-locyte ribosome Biochem Biophys Acta. 55, 865–874.
Zamecnik, P C and Stephenson, M L. (1978) Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75, 280–284.
Helene, C (1993) Control of gene expression by triple-helix-forming oligonucle-otides the antigene strategy, in Antisense Research and Applications (Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds.), CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 375–385.
Maher, L. J., Dervan, P. B., and Wold, B. (1992) Analysis of promoter-specific repression by triplehelical DNA complexes in a eukaryotic cell-free transcription system. Biochemistry 31, 70–81.
Temsamani, J, Metelev, V., Levma, A., Agrawal, S, and Zamecnik, P. (1994) Inhibition of in vitro transcription by ohgodeoxynucleotides. Antisense Res Devel. 4, 279–284.
Stephenson, M L and Zamecnik, P. C. (1978) Inhibition of Rous sarcoma viral RNA translation by a specific ohgodeoxynucleotide Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75, 285–288
Zamecnik, P C, Goodchild, J, Taguchi, Y, and Sarm, P S (1986) Inhibition of replication and expression of human T-cell lymphotroptc virus type III in cultured cells by exogenous synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to viral RNA Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83, 4143–4146
Plesner, P., Goodchild, J, Kalckar, H, and Zamecnik, P. C. (1987) Oligonucleotides with rapid turnover of the phosphate groups occur endogenously in eukaryotic cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84, 1936–1939.
Inouye, M (1988) Antisense RNA. its functions and applications in gene regulation-a review. Gene 72, 25–34
Kimelman, D (1992) Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression by natural antisense transcripts, in Gene Regulations Biology of Antisense RNA and DNA (Erickson, P and Izant, J G, eds), Raven, New York, pp 1–10
Belikova, A M, Zarytova, V F, and Grineva, N. I (1967) Synthesis of ribonucleosides and diribonucleoside phosphates containing 2-chloroethylamme and nitrogen mustard residues. Tetrahedron Lett 37, 3557–3562
Miller, P S., Braiterman, I T, and Tso, P O. P. (1977) Effects of a trinucleotide ethylphosphtriester, Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U, on mammalian cells in culture. Biochemistry 16, 1988–1996
Paterson, B. M., Roberts, B E, and Kuff, E. L (1977) Structural gene tdentification and mapping by DNA-mRNA hybrid-arrested cell-free translation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74, 4370–4374.
Hastie, N. D. and Held, W. A (1978) Analyses of mRNA populations by cDNA mRNA hybrid-mediated inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75, 1217–1221.
van der Krol, A. R, Stuitje, A. R., and Mol, J N. M (1991) Modulation of floral pigmentation by antisense technology, in Antisense Nucleic Acids and Proteins (Mol, J M N. and van der Krol, A R, eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 125–140
Zamecnik, P., Aghajanian, J., Zamecnik, M., Goodchild, J., and Witman, G (1994) Electron micrographic studies of transport of oligodeoxynucleotides across eukaryotic cell membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 3156–3160
Temsamani, J., Kubert, M, Tang, J, Padmapriya, A, and Agrawal, S (1994) Cellular uptake of oligodeoxynucleotides and their analogs Antisense Res Devel 4, 35–42
Agrawal, S, Temsamani, J, and Tang, J. Y (1991) Pharmacokmetics, bio-distrtbution and stability of oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioates in mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 7595–7599
Anderson, W F. (1992) Human gene therapy. Science 256, 808–813.
Khorana, H G, Buchi, H., Ghosh, H., Gupta, N, Jacob, T M., Kossel, H., Mor-gan, R., Narang, S. A, Ohtsuka, E, and Wells, R D. (1966) Polynucleotide syn-thesis and the genetic code Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 31, 39–49
Holley, K W, Apgar, J, Everett, G A., Madison J T., Marqursee, M, Merrill, S. H, Penswick, J. R., and Zamir, A (1965) Structure of a ribonucleic acid Sczence 147, 1462–1465
Monier, R, Stephenson, M L., and Zamecnik, P. C (1960) The preparation and some properties of a low molecular weight ribonucleic acid from baker’s yeast Biochem Biophys Acta 43, 1–8.
Zachau, H. G, Dutting, D, Feldmann, H., Melchers, F, and Karan, W. (1966) Serine specific transfer ribonucleic acids XIV. Comparrson of nucleotide sequence and secondary structure models Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 31, 417–424
Raj Bhandary, U. L, Stuart, A, Faulkner, R. D., Chang, S H., and Khorana, H. G (1966) Nucleotide sequence studies on yeast phenylalanyl sRNA Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 31, 425–434
Ingram, V. M and Sjoquist, J A. (1963) Studies on the structure of purified alanine and valine transfer RNA from yeast Cold Spring Harbor Quant Biol 28, 133–138
Temin, H M and Mizutani, S (1970) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in viri-ons of Rous sarcoma virus Nature 226, 121l–l213
Baltimore, D (1970) Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase Nature (Lond) 226, 1209–1210
Sanger, F and Coulsen, A R. (1975) A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase J Mol Biol 94, 441–448.
Wickstrom, E (1986) Oligodeoxynucleotide stability in subcellular extracts and culture media. J Biochem Biophys Methods 13, 97–102.
Walder, R W and Walder, J A (1988) Role of RNase H in hybrid-arrested translation by antisense oligonucleotides in current commuincations, in Molecular Biology Anttsense RNA and DNA (Melton, D. A, ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp 35–40.
Stephenson, M L., Scott, J F, and Zamecnik, P. C (1973) Evidence that the polyladenylic acid segment of RNA of avian myeloblastosis virus is located at the “35s” 31-OH terminus Btochem Biophys Res Commun 55, 8–16
Maxam, A M and Gilbert, W. (1977) A new method of sequencing DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 74, 560–564.
Haseltine, W. A, Maxam, A. M., and Gilbert, W (1977) Rous sarcoma virus is terminally redundant the 5′ sequence Proc Natl Acad SCI. USA 74, 989–993
Schwartz, D, Zamecnik, P C., and Weith, H. L (1977) Rous sarcoma virus is terminally redundant: the 3′ sequence Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 74, 994–998
Pitha, P., and Pitha, J. (1980) Polynucleotide analogs as inhibitors of DNA and RNA polymerases, in International Encyclopedta of Pharmacology and Therapetics, Section 103 Inhibitors of DNA and RNA Polymeruses (Sarin, P S. and Gallo, R. C, eds.), Pergamon, New York, pp 235–247
Zamecnik, P. C. and Stephenson, M. L. (1969) Nucleotide pyrophosphate compounds related to the first step in protein synthesis, in The Role of Nucleotides for the Function and Conformation of Enzymes Alfred Benzon Symposium I (Kalckar, H. M, Klenow, H, Munch-Petersen, A., Ottesen, M., and Thaysen, J. H., eds), Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 276–291.
Sanger, F, Nicklens, S, and Coulsen, A R (1977) DNA sequencing with chamterminating inhibitors Proc Natl Acad. Sci USA 74, 5463–5467.
Letsinger, R L. and Lunsford, W B (1976) Synthesis of thymidine oligonucleotides by phosphate triester intermediates J Am Chem Soc 98, 3655–3661
Caruthers, M H. (1985) Gene synthesis machines: DNA chemistry and its uses Science 230, 281–285
Agrawal, S, Mayrand, S H, Zamecnik, P C, and Pederson T. (1990) Site-specific excision from RNA by RNase H and mixed phosphate backbone oligodeoxynucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 1401–1405
Metelev, V, Lisztewicz, J, and Agrawal, S. (1994) Study of antisense oligonucleotide phosphorothioates containing segments of oligodeoxynucleotides and 2−0-methyl oligoribonucleotides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 4, 2929–2934
Stein, C A. and Krieg, A. M. (1994) Editorial. Problems in interpretation of data derived from in vitro and in vivo use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides Antisense Res Devel 4, 67–69
Tang, J. Y, Temsamam, J, and Agrawal, S. (1993) Self-stabilized antisense oligonucleotide phosphorothioates. properties and anti-HIV activity Nucleic Acids Res 21(11), 2729–2735
Buckheit, R W., Jr, Roberson, J L, Lackman-Smith, C., Wyatt, J R, Vickers, T A, and Ecker, D J (1994) Potent and specific inhibition of HIV envelope-mediated cell fusion and virus binding by G-quartet-forming oligonucleotide (Isis-5320) AIDS Res Hum Retrovir l0(11), 1497–1506
Kandtmalla, E R. and Agrawal, S (1995) Single strand targeted triplex-formation Destabilization of guanine quadruplex structures by foldback triplex-forming oligonucleotides Nucleic Acids Res 23, 1068–1074.
Zon, G (1993) Hzstory of Antisense Drug Discovery In Antisense Research and Applications (Crooke, S. T and Lebleu, B., eds), CRC, Boca Raton, FL, PP 1–5
Lisziewtcz, J., Sun, D., Metelev, V, Zamecnik, P., Gallo, R. C., and Agrawal, S (1993) Long-term treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells with antisense oligonucleotide phosphorothioates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 3860–3864
Leiter, J M, Agrawal, S, Palese, P., and Zamecnik, P. C. (1990) Inhibition of influenza virus replication by phosphorothtoate oligodeoxynucleotides Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 3430–3434
Zamecnik, P C, Agrawal, S, and Palese, P, unpublished data
Rapaport, E, Misiura, K, Agrawal, S., and Zamecnik, P. C. (1992) Antimalarial activities of oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioates in chloroqume-resistant Plasmodrum falciparum Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89, 8577–8580
Dluzewski, A R, Mitchell, G H, Fryer, P R., Griffiths, S., Wilson, R J M, and Gratzer, W. B. (1992) Origins of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in human red blood cells. J Cell Sci 102, 527–532
Zamecnik, P C, Rapaport, E, Metelev, V, and Barker, R (1996) Inhibition of replication of drug resistant P. fahparum in vitro by specific anttsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleottdes, in Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides From Technology to Therapy (Schlingenstepen, K H., Schlingensrepen, R, and Brysch, W, eds.), Blackwell International/Blackwell Wissenschaft, Berlin, in press
Barker, R H., Jr., Metelev, V., Rapaport, E., and Zamecnik, P (1996) Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum malaria using antisense oligodeoxynucleotrdes Proc Natl Acad SCi USA, in press.
Crooke, S. J. (1994) Editorial. Progress in evaluation of the potential of antisense technology. Antisense Res Devel 4, 145–146.
Hawkins, J W (1995) Editorial Oligonucleotide therapeutics: coming’ round the clubhouse turn Antisense Res Devel. 5, 1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Zamecnik, P.C. (1996). History of Antisense Oligonucleotides. In: Agrawal, S. (eds) Antisense Therapeutics. Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol 1. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-305-8:1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-305-8:1
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-305-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-585-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols