Abstract
This chapter is intended to give an overall view of the process of structure solution with some of the basic theory behind it. It is possible to skip the most mathematical section, at any rate, on a first reading. There is a bibliography at the end of this chapter that should provide further reading matter for readers at every level of crystallographic experience.
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Eisenberg, D and Crothers, D (1979) Physical Chemistry with Applications to the Life Sciences, Benjamin-Cummings, Redwood City, CA
Bernal, J. D and Crowfoot, D (1934) Use of the centrifuge in determining the density of small crystals. Nature 134, 809,810
Green, D. W Ingram, V M., and Perutz, M F (1954) The structure of haemoglobin IV Sign determination by the isomorphous replacement method. Proc Roy Soc A225, 287–307
Bricogne, G (1984) Maximum entropy and the foundations of Direct methods. Acta Cryst A40, 410–445
Bricogne, G. (1988) A Bayesian statistical theory of the phase problem I A multichannel maximum-entropy formalism for constructing generalized joint probability distributions of structure factors. Acta Cryst A44, 517–545
Bricogne, G (1991) Maximum entropy as a common statistical basis for all phase determination methods, in Crystallographic Computing 5 (Moras, D, Podjarny, A D, and Thierry, J C, eds), Oxford Umversity Press, Oxford, UK
Gilmore, C J and Bricogne, G. (1991) Maximun entropy, likelihood, and the phase problem in single crystal and powder diffraction, in Crystallographic Computing 5 (Moras, D., Podjarny, A D, and Thierry, J C., eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Patterson, A L (1935) A direct method for the determination of the components of interatomic distances in crystals. Z Krist 90, 517–542
Terwilliger, T. C, Kim, S-H, and Eisenberg, D. (1987) Generalized method of determining heavy-atom positions using the difference Patterson function. Acta Cryst A43, 1–5
Sheldrtck, G M (1990) Phase annealing in SHELX-90 Direct methods for larger structures. Acta Cryst A46, 467–473
Germam, G., Main, P, and Woolfson, M M (1971) The application of phase relationships to complex structures III The optimum use of phase relationships. Acta Cryst A21, 410–445
Sheldrick, G M (1991) Chapter 13, in Crystallographic Computing 5 (Moras, D, Podjarny, A D., and Thierry, J C, eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Jones, T A, Zou, J-Y, Cowan, S W, and Kjeldegaard, M. (1991) Improved methods for building protein models in electron density maps and the location of errors in these models. Acta Cryst A47, 110–119
Jones, T. A and Kjeldegaard, M. (1994) Chapter 1, in From First Map to Final Model (Bailey, S, Hubbard, R, and Waller, D, eds), CCP4 Workgroup
Bibliography Mathematical Texts
Arfken, G (1970) Mathematical Methods for Physicists Academic, New York
Bamberg, P and Sternberg, S (1991) A Course in Mathematics for Students of Physics, vols 1 and 2 Cambridge University Press, New York.
Boas, M L (1983) Mathematical Methods for the Physical Sciences Wiley, New York
DuChateau, P C (1992) Advanced Math for Physicists and Engineers Harper Collins outline series, Harper Collms, New York
Fitts, D. D. (1974) Vector Analysis in Chemistry McGraw Hill, New York.
Hirst, D M (1994) Mathematics for Chemists Macmillan, New York. (This covers vector manipulation and Fourier transformation and is particularly recommended as an introduction)
Janin, J. (1985) Chapter 5, in Methodes Biophysiques pour l’etude des Macromolecules, Hermann, Paris
Margeneau, H. and Murphy, G M (1961) The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ
Prince, E (1994) Mathematical Techniques in Crystallography and Maternal Science, 2nd ed, Springer Verlag, New York.
Stephenson, G. (1979) Mathematical Methods for Science Students, 2nd ed., Longman, London.
Stephenson, G. (1985) Worked Examples in Mathematics for Scientists and Engineers. Longman, London
Basic Introductions
Dressier, D. and Potter, H (1991) Discovering Enzymes W H Freeman, New York.
Matthew, C. K and van Holde, K E (1990) Biochemistry, Benjamin-Cummings, Redwood City, CA
Stryer, L (1995) Biochemistry, 4th ed, W H Freeman, New York
Short Introductions to X-Ray Structure Determination
Branden, C-I and Tooze, J (1991) Chapter 17, in Introduction to Protein Structure, Garland, New York
Cantor, C R and Schimmel, P. R. (1980) Part II of Biophysical Chemistry, W. H Freeman, New York
Eisenberg, D. and Crothers, D (1979) Chapters 16 and 17, in Physical Chemistry with Applications to the Life Sciences Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, Redwood City, CA. (Contains clear description of X-ray diffraction, which includes interesting short biographies of J D Bernal and J-B J Fourier.)
Holmes, K C and Blow, D M (1965) Methods of Biochemical Analysts, vol 13, Wiley, New York, 113–239
Janin, J. (1985) Chapters 1–4, in Methodes Biophysiques pour l’etude des Macromolecules. Hermann, Paris (This is a very good introduction for the French reader)
Perutz, M. (1992) Chapter 1 and Appendix 1, in Protein Structure, New Approaches to Disease and Therapy. W. H. Freeman, New York.
Sawyer, L and Turner, M A (1992) Chapter 12, in Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins (Ducruix, A and Geige, R., eds), IRL, New York
Stuart, D. and Jones, Y (1993) Chapter 9, in Protein Engineering (Sternberg, M, ed), IRL, New York.
van Holde, E (1985) Physical Biochemistry, 2nd ed, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Texts on X-Ray Structure Determination
Blundell, T B and Johnson, L H (1976) Protein Crystallography Academic, New York (This is an excellent, indispensible guide to the subject, although the data collection sections are now dated)
Buerger, M J (1959) Vector Space Wiley, New York
Buerger, M J (1976) Contemporary Crystallography McGraw Hill, New York
Bunn, C W (1961) Chemical Crystallography, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, New York
Drenth, J (1994) The Principles of Protein X-ray Crystallography Springer-Verlag, New York.
Dunitz, J D (1979) X-ray Analysis and the Structure of Organic Molecules Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N Y (This is a thorough treatment of small molecule crystallography)
Giaccovazzo, C, Monaco, H L, and Viterbo, B (1992) Fundamentals of Crystallography Oxford University Press, New York
Glazer, A M (1987) The Structure of Crystals, Adam Hilger, Bristol, UK
Glusker, J P and Trueblood, K N (1985) Crystal Structure Analysis, A Primer, 2nd ed, Oxford University Press
Ladd and Palmer, R (1989) X-ray structure determination A Practical Guide, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York (This is a very good on symmetry and space group derivations, covers both small-molecule and macromolecular crystallography )
Lifson, H and Taylor, C A (1958) Fourier Transforms and X-ray Diffraction G Bell, London
Lipson, H S. (1970) Crystals and X-rays Wykeham Publications Ltd, London (This is a clear elementary introduction )
Lipson, H and Cochran, W (1957) The Determination of Crystal Structures G Bell, London
McRee, D E (1993) Practical Protein Crystallography Academic, New York
Rhodes, C (1993) Crystallography Made Crystal Clear A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models Academic, New York.
Sherwood, D. (1976) Crystals, X-rays and Proteins Wiley, New York (This is a very understandable treatment, which derives all the mathematical aspects of the subject)
Stout, G H and Jensen, L H. (1989) X-ray Crystal Structure Determination, 2nd ed Wiley, New York (This provides good coverage of the basics of X-ray crystallography, primarily from a small-molecule perspective )
Wilson, H R (1966) Diffraction of X-rays by Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Viruses Edward Arnold, London. (This gives a description of diffraction and especially of helical diffraction by a member of the King’s College DNA group.)
Woolfson, M M. (1978) An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (This develops diffraction theory from a scattering theory perspective, rather than starting with the Bragg equation. It is an excellent treatment of Direct methods by a leader in the field and recommended for readers stronger in physics)
Woolfson, M M (1961) Direct Methods in Crystallography, Oxford University Press, New York
Advanced Texts
Dodson, G, Glusker, J P, and Sayre, D (eds.) (1981) Structural Studies on Molecules of Biological Interest Oxford University Press, New York
Moras, D., Podjarny, A. D, and Thierry, J. C. (eds) (1991) Crystallographic Computing 5 Oxford University Press, New York (This is an extensive series of articles on all aspects of macromolecular structure solution )
Rollett, J. S. (1965) Computing Methods in Crystallography Pergamon Press, Oxford
Rossman, M G. (ed.) (1972) The Molecular Replacement Method Gordon and Breach, New York
Wyckoff, H. W, Hirs, C H W, and Timasheff, S N (eds.) (1985) Diffraction Methods for Biological Macromolecules, Methods in Enzymology, vols. 114 and 115 Academic, New York
CCP4 Weekend Workshops
Helliwell, J R, Machin, P A, and Papiz, M Z (1987) Computational Aspects of Protein Crystal Data Analysis
Bailey, S, Dodson, E, and Phillips, S (1988) Improving Protein Phases
Goodfellow, J, Hendrick, K., and Hubbard, R (1989) Molecular Simulation and Protein Crystallography
Hendrick, K, Moss, D S, and Tickle, I J (1990) Accuracy and Reliability of Macromolecular Crystal Structures
Wolf, W, Evans, P R, and Leslie, A G. W (1991) Isomorphous Replacement and Anomalous Scattering
Dodson, E J, Gover, S, and Wolf, W. (1992) Molecular Replacement
Sawyer, L., Isaacs, N, and Bailey, S (1993) Data Collection and Processing
Bailey, S, Hubbard, R, and Walter, D (1994) From First Map to Final Model
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Sanderson, M.R. (1996). Introduction. In: Jones, C., Mulloy, B., Sanderson, M.R. (eds) Crystallographic Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 56. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-259-0:1
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