Abstract
A strategy for determining the structure of a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) can be divided into three areas. The first is to establish its saccharide composition. This requires complete depolymerization of the parent chains to disaccharide products that can be purified, separated, and identified either by comparison with reference standards or by further structural analysis (1–6).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bienkowski, M. J. and Conrad, H. E. (1985) Structural characterization of the oligosaccharides formed by depolymerisation of heparin with nitrous acid. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 356–365.
Guo, Y. and Conrad, H. E. (1989) The disaccharide composition of heparins and heparan sulphates. Anal. Biochem. 176, 96–104.
Yoshida, K., Miyauchi, S., Kikuchi, H., Tawada, A., and Tokuyasu, K. (1989) Analysis of unsaturated disaccharides from glycosaminoglycans by HPLC. Anal. Biochem. 177, 327–332.
Edge, A. S. B. and Spiro, R. G. (1990) Characterization of novel sequences containing 3-O-sulphated glucosamine in glomerular basement membrane heparan sulphate and location of sulphated disaccharides in a peripheral domain. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 15,874–15,881.
Turnbull, J. E. and Gallagher, J. T. (1990) Molecular organization of heparan sulphate from human skin fibroblasts. Biochem. J. 265, 715–724.
Maimone, M. M. and Tollefsen, D. M. (1990) Structure of a dermatan sulphate hexasaccharide that binds to heparin cofactor II with high affinity. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 18,263–18,271.
Turnbull, J. E. and Gallagher, J. T. (1988) Oligosaccharide mapping of heparan sulphate by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electro-transfer to nylon membrane. Biochem. J. 251, 597–608.
Turnbull, J. E. and Gallagher J. T. (1991) Distribution of iduronate-2-sulphate residues in heparan sulphate: evidence for an ordered polymeric structure. Biochem. J. 273, 553–559.
Gallagher, J. T. and Walker, A. (1985) Molecular distinctions between heparan sulphate and heparin. Biochem. J. 230, 665–674.
Dickenson, J. M., Morris, H. G., Nieduszynski, I. A., and Huckerby, T. N. (1990) Skeletal keratan sulphate chain molecular weight calibration by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Anal Biochem. 190, 271–275.
Rice, K. G., Kim, Y. S., Grant, A. C., Merchant, Z. M., and Linhardt, R. J. (1985) HPLC separation of heparin-derived oligosaccharides. Anal. Biochem. 150, 325–332.
Linhardt, R. J., Rice, K. G., Kim, Y. S., Lohse, D. L., Wang, H. M., and Loganathan, D. (1988) Mapping and quantification of the major oligosaccharide components of heparin. Biochem. J. 254, 781–787.
Rice, K. G., Rottink, M. R., and Linhardt, R. J. (1987) Fractionation of heparin-derived oligosaccharides by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Biochem. J. 244, 515–522.
Al-Hakim, A. and Linhardt, R. J. (1990) Isolation and recovery of acidic oligosaccharides from polyacrylamide gels by semi-dry electrotransfer. Electrophoresis 11, 23–28.
Lyon, M. and Gallagher, J. T. (1990) A general method for the detection and mapping of submicrogram quantities of GAG oligosaccharides on polyacrylamide gels by sequential staining with Azure A and ammoniacal silver. Anal. Biochem. 185, 63–70.
Fransson, L-A., Havsmark, B., and Silverberg, I. (1990) A method for the sequence analysis of dermatan sulphate. Biochem. J. 269, 381–388.
Lyon, M., Steward, W. P., Hampson, I. N., and Gallagher, J. T. (1987) Identification of an extended N-acetylated sequence adjacent to the protein-linkage region of fibroblast heparan sulphate. Biochem. J. 242, 493–498.
Rosenfeld, L. and Danishefsky, I. (1988) Location of specific oligosaccharides in heparin in terms of their distance from the protein linkage region in the native proteoglycan. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 262–266.
Turnbull, J. E. and Gallagher, J. T. (1991) Sequence analysis of heparan sulphate indicates defined location of N-sulphated glucosamine and iduronate-2-sulphate residues proximal to the protein linkage region. Biochem. J. 277, 297–303.
Uchiyama, H., Kikuchi, K., Ogamo, A., and Nagasawa, K. (1987) Determination of the distribution of constituent disaccharide units within the chain near the linkage region of shark cartilage chondroitin sulphate C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 926, 239–248.
Shively, J. E. and Conrad, H. C. (1976) Formation of anhydrosugars in the chemical depolymerisation of heparin. Biochemistry 15, 3932–3942.
Fransson, L-A., Sjoberg, I., and Havsmark, B. (1980) Structural studies on heparan sulphate. Eur. J. Biochem. 106, 59–69.
Linhardt, R. J., Turnbull, J. E., Wang, H. M., Loganathan, D., and Gallagher, J. T. (1990) Examination of the substrate specificity of heparin and heparan sulphate lyases. Biochemistry 29, 2611–2617.
Heinegard, D. and Sommarin, Y. (1987) Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 144 (Cunningham, L. W., ed.), Academic, New York, pp. 319–372.
Yanagashita, M., Midura, R. J., and Hascall, V. C. (1987) Proteoglycans: isolation and purification from tissue cultures, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 138 (Ginsberg, V., ed.), Academic, New York, pp. 279–289.
Lyon, M. and Gallagher, J. T. (1991) Purification and partial characterization of the major cell-associated heparan sulphate proteoglycan of rat liver. Biochem. J. 273, 415–422.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Turnbull, J.E. (1993). Oligosaccharide Mapping and Sequence Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans. In: Graham, J.M., Higgins, J.A. (eds) Biomembrane Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 19. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-236-1:253
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-236-1:253
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-236-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-506-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols