Skip to main content

Defining Hormone and Matrix Requirements for Differentiated Epithelia

  • Protocol

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 5))

Abstract

The culture of differentiated cells requires conditions that acknowledge the complicated cell-cell interactions that both occur in vivo and are responsible for affecting and maintaining the differentiated states of cells. In brief, one must use conditions that mimic the epithelial-mesenchymal relationship that is universal and constitutes the organizational basis for all metazoan tissues. This relationship is sustained by a set of soluble signals (autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine) and by a set of insoluble signals (the extracellular matrix). Since this is a technical and methodological article, neither the scientific evidence for the importance of the epithelial-mesenchymal relationship nor the evidence forming the basis for the culture conditions will be described. Recent reviews have discussed this background in considerable detail (112

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Cunha, G. R. (1976) Epithelial-stromal interactions in development of the urogenital tract. Int. Rev. Cytol. 47, 137–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Yamada, K. M., ed. (1983) Molecular Mechanisms, Cell Interactions and Development (Wiley Interscience, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Protero, J. (1980) Control of stem cell proliferation: A density-dependent commitment model. J. Theor. Biol. 84, 725–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Reid, L. M. and Jefferson, D. M. (1984) Culturing hepatocytes and other differentiated cells. Hepatology 4, 548–559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fleischmajer, R. and Billingham, R. E., eds. (1968) Epithelial-Mesenchymallnteractions (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Stoker, M. and Gherardi, E. (1987) Factors affecting epithelial interactions. Ciba Found. Symp. 125, 217–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Edelman, G. M. (1987) Epigenetic rules for expression of cell adhesion molecules during morphogenesis. Ciba Found. Symp. 125, 192–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Clayton, D. F., Harrelson, A. L., and Darnell, J. E., Jr. (1985) Dependence of liver-specific transcription on tissue organization. Mol. and Cell. Biol. 5, 2623–2632.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Guillouzo, A. and Guguen-Guillouzo, C. (1986) Isolated and Cultured Hepatocytes. (John Libbey, Eurotext Ltd. INSERM, Paris).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fraslin, J. M., Kneip, B., Vaulont, S., Glaise, D., Munnich, A., and Guguen-Guillouzo, C. (1985) Dependence of hepatocyte-specific gene expression on cell-cell interactions in primary culture. EMBO J. 4, 2487–2491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Reid, L. M. and Jefferson, D. (1984) Cell culture studies using extracts of extracellular matrix to study growth and differentiation in mammalian cells. Mammalian Cell Culture (Mather, J., ed.), Plenum, NY, pp. 239–280.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Reid, L. M., Abreu, S., and Montgomery, K. (1988) Extracellular matrix and hormonal regulation of gene expression. Liver Biology and Pathology (Alias, I. M., Jakoby, W. B., Pepper, H., Schachter, D., and Shafritz, D. A., eds.), Plenum, NY, chapter 39, pp. 717–737.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Freshney, R. I., ed. (1985) Animal Cell Culture: A Practical Approach (IRL, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Paul, J. (1975) Cell and Tissue Culture (Churchill Livingstone, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Jacoby, W. B. and Pastan, I. (1979) Cell culture. Methods in Enzymology, vol. 58.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Barnes, D. and Sato, G. (1980) Serum-free culture: a unifying approach. Cell 22, 649–655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Barnes, D. and Sato, G. (1984) Methods for serum-free culture of cells. Cell Culture Methods for Molecular and Cellular Biology vols. 1–4, (Liss, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mather, J., ed. (1984) Mammalian Cell Culture (Plenum, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Boyce, S. T. and Ham, R. G. (1983) Calcium regulated differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in chemically defined clonal culture and serum-free serial culture. J. Invest. Dermatol. 81, 33s–44s.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Eckl, P. M., Whitcomb, W. R., Michalopoulos, G., and Jirtle, R. L. (1987) Effects of EGF and calcium on adult parenchymal hepatocyte proliferation. J. Cell Physiol. 132, 363–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Stanley, J. R. and Yuspa, S. H. (1983) Specific epidermal protein markers modulated during calcium-induced terminal differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 96, 1809–1814.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ham, R. and McKeehan, W. (1979) Media and growth requirements. Methods in Enzymology 58, 44–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clayton, D. F. and Darnell, J. E., Jr. (1983) Changes in liver-specific compared to common gene transcription during primary culture of mouse hepatocytes. Mol. and Cell. Biol. 3, 1552–1561.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jefferson, D. M., Clayton, D. F., Darnell, J. E., Jr., and Reid, L. M. (1984) Posttran-scriptional modulation of gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 1929–1934.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Clayton, D. F., Weiss, M., and Darnell, J. E., Jr. (1985) Liver-specific RNA metabolism in hepatoma cells: Variations in transcription rates and mRNA levels. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 2633–2641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Muschel, R., Khoury, G., and Reid, L. M. (1986) Regulation of insulin mRNA abundance and adenylation: Dependence on hormones and matrix substrata. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 337–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pierce, G. B., Arechaga, J., and Wells, R. S. (1986) Embryonic control of cancer. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 226, 67–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Potter, C. S., Chadwick, C., Ijiri, K., Tsubouchi, S., and Hanson, W. R. (1984) The recruitabiltiy and cell cycle state of intestinal stem cells. J. Cell Cloning 2, 126–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Dudouet, B., Robine, S., Huet, C., Sahuquillo, M., Blair, L., Coudrier, E., and Louvard, D. (1987) Changes in villin synthesis and subcellular distribution during intestinal differentiation of HT29-18 clones. J. Cell Biol. 105, 359–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dexter, T. M., Whetton, A. D., Spooncer, E., Heyworth, C., and Simmons, P. (1985) The role of stromal cells and growth factors in hemopoiesis and modulation of their effects by the src oncogene. J. Cell Sci. 3, 83–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gallagher, J. T., Spooncer, E., and Dexter, T. M. (1983) Role of the cellular matrix in hemopoiesis. I. Synthesis of glycosaminolglycans by mouse bone marrow cell cultures. J. Cell Sci. 63, 155–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Barrandon, Y. and Green, H. (1985) Cell size as a determinant of the clone-forming ability of human keratinocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5390–5394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Haynes, N. T., Braun, L., Yaswen, P., Brooks, M., and Fausto, N. (1984) Isozyme profiles of oval cells, parenchymal cells and biliary cells isolated by centrifugal elutriation from normal and preneoplastic livers. Cancer Res. 44, 332–338.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hixson, D. C. and Allison, J. P. (1985) Monoclonal antibodies recognizing oval cells induced in the liver of rats by N-2 fluorenylacetamide or ethionine in a choline deficient diet. Cancer Res. 45, 3750–3760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tatematsu, M., Kaku, T., Ekem, J. K., and Farber, E. (1984) Studies on the proliferation and fate of oval cells in the liver of rats treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy. Amer. J. Pathol. 114, 418–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hanahan, D. (1985) Heritable formation of pancreatic beta-cell tumors in transgenic mice expressing recombinant insulin/simian virus 40 oncogens. Nature 315, 115–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Power, R. F., Holm, R., Bishop, A. E., Varndell, I. M., Alpert, S., Hanahan, D., and Polak, J. M. (1987) Transgenic mouse model: A new approach for the investigation of endocrine pancreatic B-cell growth. Gut. 28, 121–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cunha, G. R. and Donjacour, A. (1987) Stromal-epithelial interactions in normal and abnormal prostatic development. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 239, 251–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rojkind, M., Gatmaitan, Z., Mackensen, S., Giambrone, M.-A., Ponce, P., and Reid, L. M. (1980) Connective tissue biomatrix: Its isolation and utilization for long-term cultures of normal rat hepatocytes. J. Cell Biol. 87, 255–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Michapoulos, G., Cianciulli, H. D., Novotny, A. R., Kligerman, A. D., Strom, S. C., and Jirtle, R. L. (1982) Liver regeneration studies with rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Cancer Res. 42, 4673–4682.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Germain, L., Noel, M., Gourdeau, H., and Marceau, N. (1988) Promotion of growth and differentiation of ductular oval cells in primary cultures. Cancer Res. 48, 368–378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hammond, S. L., Ham, R. G., and Stampfer, M. R. (1984) Serum-free growth of human mammary epithelial cells: rapid clonal growth in defined medium and extended serial passage with pituitary extract. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 5435–5439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Morrison, R. S., Sharma, A., deVellis, J., and Bradshaw, R. A. (1986) Basic fibroblast growth factor supports the survival of cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 7537–7541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dodson, M. V., Allen, R. E., and Hossner, K. L. (1985) Ovine somatomnedin, multiplication stimulating activity, and insulin promote skeletal muscle satelite cell proliferation in vitro. Endocrinology 117, 2357–2363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gatmaitan, Z., Jefferson, D., Ruiz-Opazo, N., Leinwand, L., and Reid, L. M. (1983) Regulation of growth and differentiation of a rat hepatoma cell line by the synergistic interactions of hormones and collagenous substrata. J. Cell. Biol. 97, 1179–1190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Reid, L. M., Stiles, C., Saier, M., Jr., and Rindler, M. (1979) Growth of nontumorigenic cells in millipore diffusion chambers implanted in mice: Implications for in vivo growth regulation. Cancer Res. 20, 1467–1473.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Cherington, P. V., Smith, B. L., and Pardee, A. B. (1980) Loss of epidermal growth factor requirement and malignant transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 3937–3941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Enat, R., Jefferson, D. M., Ruiz-Opazo, N., Gatmaitan, Z., Leinwand, L. A., and Reid, L. M. (1984) Hepatocyte proliferation in vitro: Its dependence on the use of serum-free hormonally defined medium and substrata of extracellular matrix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1411–1415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Taub, M. (1984) Growth of primary and established kidney cell cultures in serum-free media. Cell Culture Methods for Molecular and Cell Biology, vol. 3 (Barnes, D., Sirbasku, D., and Sato, G., eds.) Liss, NY, pp. 3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Lippman, M. E. (1984) Definition of hormones and growth factors required for optimal proliferation and expression of phenotypic responses in human breast cancer cells. Cell Culture Methods for Molecular and Cell Biology, vol. 2 (Barnes, D., Sirbasku, D., and Sato, G., eds.) Liss, NY, pp. 183–200.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Deleted in proof.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hoshi, H. and McKeehan, W. L. (1984) Brain and liver cell-derived factors are required for growth of human endothelial cells in serum-free culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6413–6417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Waterfield, M. D. (1983) Platelet-derived growth factor is structurally related to the putative transforming protein p28sis of simian sarcoma virus. Nature 304, 35–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Michalopoulos, G. and Pitot, H. C. (1975) Primary culture of parenchymal liver cells on collagen membranes. Exp. Cell Res. 94, 70–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Piez, K. A. and Reddi, A. H., eds. (1984) Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry (Elsevier, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ruohslahti, E. and Pierschbacher, M. D. (1988) Molecular basis of cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Liver Biology and Pathobiology, 2nd Ed. (Arias, I. M., Jakoby, W. B., Popper, H., Schachter, D., and Shafritz, D. A., eds.) Raven, NY, pp. 739–751.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Mecham, R. P. ed. (1986) Biology of Extracellular Matrix, vol. 1, Academic, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Evered, D., Hascall, V. C., and Whelan, J. (eds.) (1986) Functions of the Proteoglycans (Ciba Foundation Symposium, Wiley, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Fransson, L. (1987) Structure and function of cell-associated proteoglycans. TIBS 12, 406–411.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hynes, R. O. (1987) Integrins: A family of cell surface receptors. Cell 48, 549–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ruoshlahti, L. E. and Pierschbacher, M. D. (1986) Arg-Gly-Asp: A versatile cell recognition signal. Cell 44, 517, 518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Buck, C. A. and Horwitz, A. F. (1987) Cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix molecules. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 3, 179–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hynes, R. O (1986) Fibronectins Sci. Amer. 254, 42–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. von-der-Mark, K., and Kuhl, U. (1985) Laminin and its receptor. Biochint Biophys. Acta. 823, 147–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Miller, E. J. (1986) Collagen types: Structure, distribution and functions, in Collagen: Biochemistry, vol. 1 (CRC Press), pp. 134–156.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Martin, G. R. and Kleinman, H. K. (1981) Extracellular matrix gives new life to cell culture. Hepatology 1, 264–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yamada, K. M. (1983) Cell surface interactions with extracellular materials. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 52, 761–799.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Narita, M., Jefferson, D. M., Miller, E. J., Clayton, D. F., Rosenberg, L. C., and Reid, L. M. (1985) Hormonal and matrix regulation of differentiation in primary liver cultures, in Growth and Differentiation of Cells in Defined Environments (Murakami, H., Yamane, I., Hayashi, I., Mather, J. P., Barnes, D. B., and Sato, G. H., eds.) Springer Verlag, NY, pp.89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Spray, D. C., Fujita, M., Saez, J. C., Choi, H., Watanabe, T., Hertzberg, E., Rosenberg, L. C., and Reid, L. M. (1987) Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans induce gap junction synthesis in primary liver cultures. J. Cell Biol. 105, 541–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Fujita, M., Spray, D. C., Choi, H., Saez, J. C., Watanabe, T., Rosenberg, L. C., Hertzberg, E. L., and Reid, L. M. (1987) Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans induce gap junction expression and restore transcription of tissue-specific mRNAs in primary liver cultures. Hepatology 1, 1s–9s.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Sell, S. and Ruoslahti, E. (1982) Expression of fibronectin and laminin in the rat liver after partial hepatectomy, during carcinogenesis, and in transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas. J. Natl. Can. Inst. 69, 1005–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Carlsson, R., Engvall, E., Freeman, A., and Ruoshlahti, E. (1981) Laminin and fibronectin in cell adhesion: Enhanced adhesion of cells form regenerating liver to laminin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set. USA 78, 2403–2406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fedarko, N. S. and Conrad, H. E. (1986) A unique heparan sulfate in the nuclei of hepatocytes; structural changes with the growth state of the cells. J. Cell Biol. 102, 587–599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Chuong, G M., Crossin, K. L., and Edelman, G. M. (1987) Sequential expression and differential function of multiple adhesion molecules during the formation of cerebellar cortical layers. J. Cell Biol 104, 331–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kleinman, H. K., McGarvey, M. L., Hassell, J. R., and Martin, G. R. (1983) Formation of a supramolecular complex is involved in the reconstitution of basement membrane components. Biochemistry 22, 4969–4974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Orkin, R. W., Gehron, P., McGoodwin, E. B., Martin, G. R., Valentine, T., and Swarm, R. (1977) A murine tumor producing a matrix of basement membrane. J. Exp. Med. 145, 204–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hadley, M. A., Byers, S. W., Suarez-Quian, C. A., Kleinman, H. K., and Dym, M. (1985) Extracellular matrix regulates Sertoli cell differentiation, testicular cord formation, and germ cell development in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 101, 1511–1522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kleinman, H. K., McGarvey, M. L., Hassell, J. R., Star, V. L., Cannon, F. B., Laurie, G. W., and Martin, G. R. (1986) Basement membrane complexes with biological activity. Biochemistry 25, 312–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Martin, G. R., Kleinman, H. K., Terranova, V. P., Ledbetter, S., and Hassell, J. R. (1984) The regulation of basement membrane formation cell-matrix interactions by defined supramolecular complexes. Ciba Found. Symp. 108, 97–212.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Liotta, L. A., Lee, C. W., and Morakis, D. J. (1981) New method for preparing large surfaces of intact basement membrane for tumor invasion studies. Cancer Lett. 11, 141–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Madri, J. A. and Williams, S. K. (1983) Capillary endothelial cells cultures: Phenotypic modulation by matix components. J. Cell Biol. 97, 153–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gospodarowicz, D. (1984) Preparation of extracellular matrices produced by cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells and PF-HR-9 endodermal cells: their use in cell culture. Cell Culture Methods for Molecular and Cell Biology (Barnes, D., Sirbasku, D., Sato, G., eds.) Liss, NY, vol. 1, pp. 275–293.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Vlodavsky, I., Levi, A., Lax, I., Fuko, Z., and Schlessinger, J. (1983) Induction of cell attachment and morphological differentiation in a pheochromocytoma cell line and embryonal sensory cells by the extracellular matrix. Dev. Biol. 93, 285–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 The Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Reid, L.M. (1990). Defining Hormone and Matrix Requirements for Differentiated Epithelia. In: Walker, J.M., Pollard, J.W., Walker, J.M. (eds) Animal Cell Culture. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 5. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-150-0:237

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-150-0:237

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-150-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-492-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics