Skip to main content

Protein Binding of Psychotropic Drugs

Equilibrium Dialysis and Lipophilicity Correlations

  • Protocol
Analysis of Psychiatric Drugs

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 10))

Abstract

Binding of drugs to plasma protein has been known for many years to be significant in both drug effects and pharmacokinetics (Goldstein, 1949; Gillette, 1973; Curry, 1980; Meyer and Guttman, 1968; Vallner, 1974). However, in spite of rigorous study, binding remains contentious and poorly understood. This review is concerned with binding phenomena concernmg psychotropic drugs, methods of study, and pharmacological significance. Tissue binding is also considered. Special attention is given to the most popular assessment technique—equilibrium dialysis. This technique has recently undergone rigorous reevaluation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abel J. G., Sellers E. M, Naranlo C. A., Shaw J., Kader L., and Romach M. K. (1979) Inter-and intrasublect variation m diazepam free fraction. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 26 247–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A. B., Bennett P. N, and Rowland M. (1983) Models of hepatic clearance. Discrimination between the “well stirred” and paralleltube models J Pharm, Pharmacol 35 219–224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albert A. (1981) Selective Toxzclty (6th Ed.) Chapman & Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexanderson B. and Borga O (1972) Interindividual differences in plasma protein binding of nortriptylme in man-a twin study. Eur J Clm Pharmacol 4 196–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass L. and Brackan A. J. (1978) Hepatic elimination of flowing substrates: The distributed model. J Theor. Bzol 72, 161–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bass L. and Wmkler K. (1980) A method of determining intrinsic hepatic clearance from the first-pass effect Clm. Exp. Pharmacol. Physzol 7, 339–343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bass L., Keiding S., Winkler K, and Tygstrup H. (1976) Enzymatic elimination of substrates flowing through the intact liver J. Theor. Bzol 61, 393–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertilsson L, Braithwaite R, Tybring G., Garle M., and Borga O (1979) Techniques for plasma protein binding of demethylchlorimipramine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26, 265–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel M. H. (1975) Bmding of chlorpromazine and imipramine to red cells, albumin, lipoprotems and other blood components. J Pharm, Pharmacol 27, 733–738.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boudinot F. D and Jusko W J. (1984) Fluid shifts and other factors affecting plasma protein binding of prednisolone by equilibrium dialysis J. Pharm SCL 73, 774–780.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borga O., Azarnoff D. L., Forshell G. P., and Sjoqvist F. (1969) Plasma protein binding of tricyclic antidepressants in man. Biochem. Pharmaco1 18, 2135–2143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borga O., Azarnoff D. L., and Sloqvist F (1968) Species differences in the plasma protein binding of desrpramine J. Pharm. Pharmacol 20, 571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers W. F., Fulton S., and Thompson J (1984) Ultrafiltration vs equilibrmm dialysis for determination of free fraction. Clin. Pharmacokinet 9 (suppl l), 48–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie B. B. (1967) Physicochemical and biochemical aspects of pharmacology. J. Am. Med. Assoc 202, 600–609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chignell C. F (1981) Molecular Features of Plasma Protem Binding, in Clmzcal Pharmacology m Psychiatry (E. Usdm, ed.) Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H. (1970a) Plasma protein binding of chlorpromazme. J, Pharm. Pharmacol 22, 193–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H. (1970b) Theroretical changes in drug distribution resulting from changes in binding to plasma proteins and to tissues. J. Pharm. Pharmacol 22, 753–757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curry S H. (1972) Relation between binding to plasma protein, apparent volume of distribution, and rate constants of disposition and elimination for chlorpromazine in three species. J Pharm. Pharrnacol 24, 818–819.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H. (1980) Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetrcs (3rd Ed.) Black-well, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H. (1981) Binding of Psychotropic Drugs to Plasma Protein and its Influence on Drug Distribution, in Clznical Pharmacology in Psychiatry (E. Usdin, ed.) Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H. (1985) A multiple plate hypothesis of drug elimination. Abstracts: III World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Stockholm (July 27-August 1, 1986). (Suppl.) Actc Pharmacol. Toxtcol

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H and Hu O Y-P (1984) Evaluation of equihbrmm dialysis volume shifts. A comment. J. Pharmacokmet. Btopharmacol 12, 463–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H. and Whelpton R. (1979) Pharmacokinetics of closely related benzodiazepines Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 8, 155–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry S. H and Whelpton R. (1983) Manual of Laboratory Pharmacokinetics Wiley, Cichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danon A. and Chen Z. (1979) Binding of imipramine to plasma protems: Effect of hyperlipoprotememia. Clin Pharmacol. Ther 25, 316–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabay S. and Huang P C. (1984) The Binding Behavior of Phenothiazines and Structurally Related Compounds to Albumin from Several Species, in Phenothiazines and Structurally Related Drugs (I S. Forrest, C J. Carr, and E. Usdin, ed.) Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibaldi M. and Perrier D (1982) Pharmacoktnetics (3rd Ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette J. R. (1973) Overview of Protein Binding, in Drug-Protein Binding (A. H. Anton and H M. Solomon, ed.) Ann. NY Acad. Ser 226, 1–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassman A. H., Hurwic M. J, Kanzler M., Shostak M., and Perel J M. (1970) Imipramme steady-state studies and plasma binding, in Phenothiazines and Structurally Related Drugs (I. S. Forrest, C. J. Carr, E. Usdin, eds.) Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassman A. H., Hurwic J. J., and Perel J. M. (1973) Plasma binding of imipramine and cluucal outcome. Am. J. Psychiat 130, 1367–1369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbaum L R. and Smith P. K. (1954) The mteraction of barbiturates with serum albumin and its possible relation to their disposition and pharmacological actions. J Pharmacol Exp. Ther 111, 197–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein A (1949) The interactions of drugs and plasma proteins. Pharmucol. Rev 1, 102–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman L. S. and Gilman A. (1965) The Pharmacologicul Basis of Therupeutics (3rd Ed.) Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallstrom C., Lader M. H., and Curry S. H. (1979) Dlazepam and N- desmethyldlazepam concentrations in saliva, plasma and CSF. Br. J. Clin Pharmucol 9, 333–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu O Y-P and Curry S. H. (1984), A Simple Approach for Estimation of the Unbound Fraction of Drugs in Equilibrium Dialysis with Consideration of Volume Shift, in Proceedings of 10th Asian Congress of Phurmuceutrcul Scrences, Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. C. 178–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu O Y-P and Curry S H. (1986) Calculation of fraction bound in equilibrium dialysis with special reference to drug losses by decomposltlon and adsorption Biophurmaceut Drug Dispos 7, 211–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J. D. (1983) Errors in estimating the unbound fraction of drugs due to the volume shift in equilibrium dialysis J Phurm. Sci 72, 1368–1369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieglstein J., Melller W., and Staab J. (1972) Hydrophobic and ionic interactions of phenothiazine derivatives with BSA. Bzochem Phurmuco1 21, 985–997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy G. (1980) Effect of plasma protein binding on renal clearance of drugs. J. Phurm. SCL 69, 482–483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lima J. J., Macklchan J J, Libertin N., and Sabino J. (1983) Influence of volume shifts on drug binding during equilibrium dialysis. J. Phurmacokin. Blopharm 11, 483–498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood G. F. and Wagner J. G. (1983) Plasma volume changes as the result of equihbrlum dialysis. J. Phurm. Phurmucol 35, 387–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer M. C. and Guttman D. E. (1968) The binding of drugs by plasma proteins. J. Phurmucol. Sci 57, 895–918.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller V. W. and Potter J M (1981). Binding of cortisol to human albumin and serum: The effect of protein concentration. Biochem. Phurmucol 30, 727–733.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg G., Axelsson R., and Martensson E. (1978) Binding of thioridazine and thioridazine metabolites to serum proteins in psychiatric patients. Eur. J. Clm. Phurmucol 14, 341–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang S. and Rowland M. (1977) Hepatic clearance of drugs. Theoretical conslderatlons of a “well-stirred” model and a “parallel-tube” model. Influence of hepatic blood flow, plasma and blood cell binding, and the hepatocellular enzymatic activity in hepatic drug clearance. J, Phurmucokm. Blopharm 5, 625–653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piafsky K. M. and Borga O. (1977) Plasma protein binding of basic drugs. II. Importance of α(in1-acid glycoprotein for interindividual variation. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 22, 545–549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piafsky K. M., Borga O., Odar-Cederlof I., Johannsson C., and Sjoqvist F. (1978) Increased plasma protein binding of propranolol and chlorpromazine mediated by disease-induced elevations of plasma α1-acid glycoprotein. N Eng J. Med 299, 1435–1439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potter W. Z., Muscettola G., and Goodwin F. K. (1979) Binding of imipramine to plasma protein and to brain tissue. Relationship to CSF tricychc levels in man. Psychopharmacology 63, 187–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland M., Benet L. Z, and Graham G. G. (1973) Clearance concepts in pharmacokinetics. J. Pharmacokin Biopharm 1, 123–136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tozer T. N., Gambertoglio J. G., Furst D. E., Avery D. S, and Holford N. H. G. (1983) Volume shift and protein bmdmg estimates using equilibrium dialysis: Application to prednisolone binding in humans. J. Phnrm. Scz 72, 1441–1446

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallner J. (1974) Binding of drugs by albumin and plasma protein. J Pharm. Scz 66, 447–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veldstra H. (1956) Synergism and potenhation. Pharmacol. Rev 8, 339–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner J. G. (1985) Commentary: Relationships among the venous equilibration (“well-stirred”) model, the sinusoidal perfusion (“parallel-tube”) model, and a specific two-compartment open model. Drug Metab. Dlspos 13, 119–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner J. G., Szpuner G. J., and Ferry J. J. (1984) Commentary: Exact mathematical equivalence of the venous equilibration (“wellstirred”) model, the smusoidal perfusion (“parallel-tube”) model, and a specific two-compartment open model. Drug Metab. Dlspos 12, 385–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whelpton R. (1978) Lipophilicity as a factor in the biochemical pharmacology of tranquillizing drugs. PhD thesis, University of London, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson G. R. and Shand D. G. (1975) A physiological approach to hepatic drug clearance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 18, 377–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler K., Keiding S., and Tygstrup H. (1973) Clearance as a Quantitative Measure of Liver Function, in The Liver, Quantitative Aspects of Structure and Functron (G. Paumgartner and R Preisig, eds.) Kaiger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 The Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Curry, S.H., Hu, O.YP., Whelpton, R. (1988). Protein Binding of Psychotropic Drugs. In: Boulton, A.A., Baker, G.B., Coutts, R.T. (eds) Analysis of Psychiatric Drugs. Neuromethods, vol 10. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-121-7:1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-121-7:1

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-121-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-615-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics