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Brain Glutamate Decarboxylase

  • Protocol
Neurotransmitter Enzymes

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 5))

Abstract

Glutamate decarboxylase (glutamate 1-carboxylyase, EC 4.1.1.15, GAD)* is the major, rate-limiting enzyme in brain for synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Total GAD activity in brain is 10–20 times greater than the observed rate of GABA synthesis (Collins, 1972; Matsui and Deguchi, 1977; Casu and Gale, 1981), indicating that GAD operates at only a fraction of its capacity. Although other routes of synthesis have been suggested, they appear to be minor (Baxter, 1976). GAD has a distinct regional distribution in brain that parallels the regional distribution of GABA (Collins, 1972; Fahn, 1976), as would be expected of a rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme. Because GAD appears to be the major biosynthetic enzyme for GABA, it is used as one of the principal markers for GABA neurons and presynaptic terminals; it does not appear to be present in appreciable amounts in glial cells (Schousboe et al., 1977; Wu et al., 1979). GAD is concentrated in the presynaptic endings of GABA neurons, but is also present in the cell bodies, as shown by subcellular fractionation (Salganicoff and DeRobertis, 1965; Van Kempen et al., 1965; Fonnum, 1968) and by immunocytochemistry (Saito et al., 1974; Wood et al., 1976; Ribak et al., 1978; Oertel et al., 1981c).

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  1. New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center for Laboratortes and Research, Albany, New York

    David L. Martin

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Alan A. Boulton Glen B. Baker Peter H. Yu

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Martin, D.L. (1986). Brain Glutamate Decarboxylase. In: Boulton, A.A., Baker, G.B., Yu, P.H. (eds) Neurotransmitter Enzymes. Neuromethods, vol 5. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-079-2:361

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-079-2:361

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-079-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-610-2

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