Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Perfusion Techniques for Neural Tissue

  • Protocol
General Neurochemical Techniques

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 1))

  • 1917 Accesses

Abstract

The physiological and pharmacological examination of the nervous system enjoyed enormous popularity over the last several decades It is now possible to record the electrical currents generated by ions passing through individual membrane channels and to define precisely the molecular characteristics of individual receptor aggregates Success in these endeavors has arisen, in part, from the use of sophisticated biochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological techniques, often carried out in isolated neural tissue. Despite the wealth of information generated by this approach to brain function, our knowledge of how the brain works as a whole to integrate and direct a basic physiological or behavioral drive is still scanty. The brain is well-endowed with putative neurotransmitter molecules whose functions are still unknown The utility of perfusion technology as a potent tool for addressing this problem is outlined in Table 1 and also has been pointed out previously (Myers, 1972) In this chapter, we will examine critically some of the theoretical and methodological issues raised in perfusing cerebral structures, and give descriptions of the methodology involved In view of space limitations, frequent reference to the literature will be made to assist the reader in obtaining precise descriptions of some of the techniques under discussion Of particular value is the 1972 chapter by Myers.

Table 1 Uses of Perfusion Techniques
Full size table

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arnold E B, Mohnoff P B, and Rutledge C O (1977). The release of endogenous norepinephrme and dopamme from cerebral cortex by amphetamine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 202, 544–557

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barthohni G, Stadler H, Gadea Ciria M., and Lloyd K. G. (1976) The use of the push-pull cannula to estimate the dynamics of acetylcholine and catecholamines within various brain areas. Neuropharmacology 15, 515–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battacharva B K and Feldberg W (1958). Perfusion of cerebral ventricles effects of drugs on outflow from the cisterna and aqueduct. Br J. Pharmacol 13, 156–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayon A., Shoemaker W J., Lugo L., Azad R., Ling N, Drucker-Colin R. R, and Bloom F. E. (1981). In vivo release of enkephalin from the globus pallidus. Neurosa Lett. 24, 65–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besson M J., Cheramy A, Feltz P., and Glowinski J. (1969) Release of newly synthesized dopamine from dopamine containing terminals in the stnatum of the rat. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 62, 741–748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besson M J., Cheramy A., Feltz P., and Glowmski J (1971). Dopamine spontaneous and drug-induced release from the caudate nucleus in the cat. Brain Res. 32, 407–424.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bissonnette J M, Hohimer A R, and Richardson B. S. (1981) Ventriculocisternal cerebrospmal perfusion in unanesthetized fetal lambs J. Appl Physiol 50, 880–883

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom F. E and Giarman N J (1968) Physiologic and pharmacologic considerations of biogenic amines in the nervous system, Ann Rev Pharmacol. 8, 229–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourque C. W. and Renaud L P. (1983). A perfused in vitro preparation of hypothalamus for electrophysiological studies on neurosecretory neurons J Neurosa Methods 7, 203–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael E A, Feldberg W, and Fleischhauer K. (1964). Methods for perfusing different parts of the cat’s cerebral ventricles with drugs. J Physiol (Lond ) 173, 354–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celesia G G and Jasper H H (1966) Acetylcholine released from cerebral cortex in relation to state of activation Neurology 16, 1053–1063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang T M., Passaro E Jr, Debas H, Yamada T., and Oldendorf W. H (1984). Influence of cisternal pressure on passage of neuropeptides from the cerebrospmal fluid into the peripheral circulation. Brain Res. 300, 172–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, T N and Kopin, I J. (1968). Stimulus induced release of substances from the olfactory bulb using the push-pull cannula. Nature (Lond) 217, 466–467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J. C, Rhee K K, Beaudry D.M., and Ramirez, V D (1984) In vivo output of dopamine and metabolites from the rat caudate nucleus as estimated with push-pull perfusion on-line with HPLC-EC in unrestrained, conscious rats. Neuroendocnnology 38, 362–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper J. F., Hochstein H. D., and Sehgmann E. B. Jr (1972) The limulus test for endotoxin (pyrogen) in radiopharmaceuticals and biologicals Bull Parenter Drug Assoc 26, 153–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper K. E, Kasting, N W Ledens, K., and Veale, W. L (1979) Evidence supporting a role for vasopressin in natural suppression of fever in sheep J Physiol. (Lond ) 195, 33–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper K E. and Veale W. L. (1972) Exchange between the blood brain and cerebrospmal fluid of substances which can induce or modify febrile responses The Pharmacology of Thermoregulatwn Symposium, San Francisco, 277–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davson H and Welch K (1971) The Relations of Blood, Brain and Cerebrospmal Fluid, in Ion Homeostasis of the Brain (siesjo, B K. and Sorensen, S C, eds. ), 9–21. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado J. M R and Rubenstein L. (1964) Intracranial release of neurohumors in unanesthetized monkeys Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 150, 530–546

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dingledine R, Dodd J, and Kelly J S. (1980) The in vitro brain slice as a useful neurophysiological preparation for intracellular recording J Neurosa Methods 2, 323–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elghozi J. L, Le Quan-Bm K H., Earnhardt J T, Meyer P and Devynck M A (1981) In vivo dopamine release from the anterior hypothalamus of the rat Eur J Pharmacol 73, 199–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox R. H and Hilton S. M (1958) Bradykinm formation in human skin as a factor in heart vasodilatation J Physiol (Lond ) 142, 219–232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg W and Fleischhaur K (1960) Penetration of homo-phenol blue from the perfused cerebral ventricles into the brain tissue J Physiol (Lond ) 150, 451–462

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg W., Myers R D, and Veale W. L (1970). Perfusion from cerebral ventricle to cisterna magna in the unanaesthetized cat Effect of calcium on body temperature J. Physiol (Lond ) 207, 403–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe K and Ungerstedt U (1968) Histochemical studies on the distribution of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine after intraventricular injections Histochemie 13, 16–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaddum J H (1961) Push-pull cannulae J Physiol (Lond ) 155, P1–P2

    Google Scholar 

  • Hememann U, Lux H D, and Gutnick M J (1977) Extracellular free calcium and potassium during paroxysmal activity in the cerebral cortex of the cat Exp, Brain Res 27, 237–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Hery F., Faudon M., and Ternaux J. P (1982). In vivo release of serotonin in two raphe nuclei (raphe dorsalis and magnus) of the cat Brain Res Bull 8, 123–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honchar M. P, Hartman B K, and Sharpe L G (1979). Evaluation of in vivo brain site perfusion with the push-pull cannula Am J Physiol 236, R48–R56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imperato A and Di Chiara G. (1984). Trans-stnatal dialysis coupled to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection a new method for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites Neurosci 4, 966–977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izquierdo I and Izquierdo J A. (1971). Effects of drugs on deep brain centers Ann Rev Pharmacol 11, 189–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson R D and Justice J B (1983) Model studies for brain dialysis Brain Res Bull 10, 567–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan C. C and Webster R A (1978) The release of acetylcholine in the perfused cat spinal cord in vivo Neuropharmacology 17, 321–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasting N W, Carr D. B, Martin J. B., Blume H, and Bergland R (1983) Changes in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma vasopressin in the febrile sheep Can J Physiol Pharmacol 61, 427–431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leusen I (1950) The influence of calcium, potassium and magnesium ions in cerebrospmal fluid on vasomotor system J Physiol (Lond ) 110, 319–329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine J E and Ramirez V D (1980) In vivo release of lutemizing hormone-releasing hormone estimated with push-pull cannulae from the mediobasal hypothalami of ovanectomized, steroidprimed rats Endocrinology 107, 1782–1790

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llinas R., Yarom Y., and Sugimoru M. (1981). The isolated mammalian brain in vitro a new technique for the analysis of the electrical activity of neuronal circuit function. Fed Proc. 40, 2240–2245

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loullis C C, Hingtgen J. N, Shea P. A, and Aprison M H. (1980) In vivo determination of endogenous biogenic amines in rat brain using HPLC and push-pull cannula Pharmacol Biochem. Behav 12, 959–963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malkinson T. J, Jackson-Middelkoop L. M, and Veale W L (1977). A simple multi-purpose cannula system for access to the brain and/or systemic vascular system of unanesthetized animals Brain Res Bull 2, 57–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin G E and Myers R D (1975) Evoked release of [14C] norepinephrine from the rat hypothalamus during feeding. Am. J Physiol 229, 1547–1555

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIlwain H and Rodnight R (1962) Practical Neurochemistry, Churchill-Livingstone, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell J F (1963). The spontaneous and evoked release of acetylcholine from the cerebral cortex J Physiol (Lond) 165, 98–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moir A T B and Dow R C (1970) A simple method allowing perfusion of cerebral ventricles of the conscious rabbit J Appl Physiol 28, 528–529.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morton I K. M Stagg C J. and Webster R. A (1977) Perfusion of the central canal and subarachnoid space of the cat and rabbit spinal cord in vivo. Neuropharmacology 16, 1–

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muhlethaler M, Sawyer W H., Manning M M, and Dreifuss J J (1983). Characterization of a uterine-type oxytocin receptor in the rat hippocampus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80, 6713–6717

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers R. D (1970) An improved push-pull cannula system for perfusing an isolated region of the brain Physiol Behav 5, 243–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers R. D. (1972). Methods for Perfusing Different Structures of the Brain, in Methods in Psychobiology vol 2, (R. D. Myers, ed) pp 169–211, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieoullon A., Cheramy A, and Glowinski J (1977) An adaptation of the push-pull cannula method to study the in vivo release of [3H] dopamme synthesized from [3H]tyrosine in the cat caudate nucleus-effects of various physical and pharmacological treatments. J Neurochem 28, 819–828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuka M and Konishi S. (1974) Electrophysiology of mammalian spinal cord in vitro. Nature (Lond ) 252, 733–734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palfreyman M G, Huot S, and Grove J (1983). Total GABA and homocarnosme in CSF as indices of brain GABA concentrations Neurosa Lett 35, 161–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pappenheimer J. R., Heisey S. R., Jordan E F., and De Downer J (1962). Perfusion of the cerebral ventricular system in unanesthetized goats Am J. Physiol 203, 763–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Philips S. R, Robson A. M, and Boulton A A. (1982). Unstimulated and amphetamine-stimulated release of endogenous noradrenaline and dopamine from rat brain in vivo J Neurochem 38, 1106–1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillis, J. W. (1968) Acetylcholine release from the cerebral cortex its role in cortical arousal Brain Res 7, 378–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierau F. R K., Klee M R., and Klussmann F W (1976) Effect of temperature on postsynaptic potentials of cat spinal motoneurones Brain Res 144, 21–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittman Q. J, Hatton J. D., and Bloom F E (1980) Morphine and opioid peptides reduce paraventncular neuronal activity, studies on the rat hypothalamic slice preparation Proc Natl Acad. Sci USA 77, 5527–5531.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pittman Q J, Lawrence D., and McLean L (1982) Central effects of arginine vasopressin on blood pressure in rats Endocrinology 110, 1058–1060.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pittman Q J, Riphagen C L, and Ledens K (1984) Release of immunoassayable neurohypophyeal peptides from rat spinal cord, in vivo Brain Res 300, 321–326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redgrave, Peter (1977) A modified push-pull system for the localised perfusion of brain tissue Pharmacol Bwchem Behav. 6, 471–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddell D and Szerb J C (1971) The release in vivo of dopamine synthesized from labeled precursors in the caudate nucleus of the cat J Neurochem. 18, 989–1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, I C A. F (1983). Neurohypophysial Peptides in the Cerebrospinal Fluid, in The Neumhypophysis Structure, Function and Control, Progress in Brain Research, vol. 60, (Cross B A and Lenz G, eds ), pp. 129–145, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szerb J. C. (1967) Model experiments with Gaddum’s push-pull cannulas. Can. J Physiol Pharmacol 45, 613–620.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tossman U. and Ungerstedt U (1981) Neuroleptic action on putative amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain studied with a new technique of brain dialysis Neurosci Lett. Suppl 7, S479

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Gugten J. and Slangen J L (1977). Release of endogenous catecholamines from rat hypothalamus in vivo related to feeding and other behaviors Pharmacol Bwchem Behav 7, 211–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walton K. and Fulton B. (1983) Hydrogen peroxide as a source of molecular oxygen for in vitro mammalian CNS preparations Brain Res 278, 387–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood J H. (1980) Physiology, Pharmacology and Dynamics of Cerebrospinal Fluid, in Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid, (Wood, J H ed.) pp. 1–16, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh T L. and Rudy T. A. (1976) Chronic catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space Physiol Behav 17, 1031–1036

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh T L and Tyce G M (1980) Resting and K +-evoked release of serotonin and norepinephrine in vivo from the rat and cat spinal cord Brain Res 192, 133–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh T. L. and Yamamura H. I (1974). Factors affecting performance of the push-pull cannula in brain J Appl Physiol 37, 428–434

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto C. (1972) Activation of hippocampal neurons by mossy fiber stimulation in thin brain sections in vitro Exp brain Res 14, 423–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zetterstrom T. and Ungerstedt U (1984). Effects of apomorphine on the in vivo release of dopamine and its metabolites, studied by brain dialysis Eur J Pharmacol 97, 29–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zetterstrom T., Sharp T, Marsden C. A., and Ungerstedt U. (1983) In vivo measurement of dopamine and its metabolites by intracerebral dialysis: changes after d-amphetamine. J. Neurochem. 41, 1769–1773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Physiology, The Universrty of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    Q. J. Plttman, J. Dlsturnal, C. Rlphagen, W. L. Veale & L. Bauce

Authors
  1. Q. J. Plttman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Dlsturnal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Rlphagen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. W. L. Veale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. L. Bauce
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Alan A. Boulton Glen B. Baker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 The Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Plttman, Q.J., Dlsturnal, J., Rlphagen, C., Veale, W.L., Bauce, L. (1985). Perfusion Techniques for Neural Tissue. In: Boulton, A.A., Baker, G.B. (eds) General Neurochemical Techniques. Neuromethods, vol 1. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-075-x:279

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-075-x:279

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-075-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-606-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation